Bromine

BROMINE

Human Health Effects:

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

INHALATION OF BROMINE VAPORS MAY PRODUCE CHEMICAL PNEUMONITIS.
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-99]**PEER REVIEWED**

SYMPTOMS ... FOLLOWING INHALATION OF ... SMALL AMT INCLUDE COUGHING, NOSEBLEED, FEELING OF OPPRESSION, DIZZINESS, & HEADACHE, FOLLOWED AFTER SOME HOURS BY ABDOMINAL PAIN & DIARRHEA, & SOMETIMES BY MEASLESLIKE ERUPTIONS ON TRUNK & EXTREMITIES. ... PUSTULES & FURUNCLES APPEAR IN EXPOSED AREAS OF SKIN OF THOSE WHO HANDLE BROMINE ... BRIEF CONTACT OF LIQ WITH SKIN LEADS TO ... VESICLES & PUSTULES. IF NOT REMOVED AT ONCE, IT INDUCES DEEP, PAINFUL ULCERS.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 4508]**PEER REVIEWED**

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: /INGESTION OF LIQUID/ 1. BURNING PAIN IN MOUTH & ESOPHAGUS. LIPS & MUCOUS MEMBRANES ARE STAINED BROWN. 2. SEVERE CORROSIVE GASTROENTERITIS EVIDENCED BY VOMITING, ABDOMINAL PAIN, AND DIARRHEA. THE VOMITUS IS BLUE IF STARCH IS PRESENT IN THE STOMACH. OCCASIONALLY FECES BECOME BLOODY. 3. HYPOTENSION, TACHYCARDIA, CYANOSIS, AND OTHER SIGNS OF SHOCK. 4. HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, DELIRIUM, COLLAPSE AND STUPOR. 5. DEATH MAY BE DUE TO CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE, ASPHYXIATION FROM EDEMA OF GLOTTIS, ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA, OR PULMONARY EDEMA. 6. OCCASIONALLY HEMORRHAGIC NEPHRITIS (WITH OLIGURIA & ANURIA) ... BECOMES APPARENT WITHIN 1 TO 3 DAYS. IT IS PROBABLY A SEQUEL TO SEVERE SHOCK AND/OR INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS. 7. LATE ESOPHAGEAL & PYLORIC STENOSIS HAVE BEEN REPORTED ... /IODINE/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-214]**PEER REVIEWED**

INHALATION OF HIGH ... CONCN CAUSES INFLAMMATORY LESIONS TO THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES ... THE TONGUE AND PALATE LOOK INFLAMED AND BECOME EDEMATOUS AND SPASM OF THE GLOTTIS OCCURS; THERE IS ASTHMATIC BRONCHITIS ... PHOTOPHOBIA & BLEPHAROSPASM OCCUR ... CAN PRODUCE FATAL CHEM BURNS OF LUNGS. PERSONS EXPOSED REGULARLY TO CONCN 3-6 TIMES HIGHER THAN THE EXPOSURE LIMIT FOR 1 YR COMPLAIN OF HEADACHE, PAIN IN THE REGION OF THE HEART, INCREASING IRRITABILITY, LOSS OF APPETITE, JOINT PAINS, AND DYSPEPSIA. DURING THE 5TH OR 6TH YR OF WORK THERE MAY BE LOSS OF CORNEAL REFLEXES, PHARYNGITIS, VEGETATIVE DISORDERS, AND THYROID HYPERPLASIA ACCOMPANIED BY THYROID DYSFUNCTION. CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS ALSO OCCUR IN THE FORM OF MYOCARDIAL DEGENERATION AND HYPOTENSION; FUNCTIONAL AND SECRETORY DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT MAY ALSO OCCUR. SIGNS OF INHIBITION OF LEUCOPOIESIS AND LEUCOCYTOSIS ARE SEEN IN BLOOD. THE BLOOD CONCENTRATION OF BROMINE VARIES BETWEEN 0.15 MG/100 CC TO 1.5 MG/100 CC INDEPENDENTLY OF DEGREE OF INTOXICATION.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 327]**PEER REVIEWED**

CONCN OF 11-23 MG/CU M PRODUCES SEVERE CHOKING ... 30-60 MG/CU M IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS ... 200 MG/CU M WOULD PROVE FATAL IN VERY SHORT TIME ... VAPORS CAN CAUSE ACUTE AS WELL AS CHRONIC POISONING ... IT HAS CUMULATIVE PROPERTIES ... .
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 327]**PEER REVIEWED**

BROMINE IS A LACRIMATOR AT CONCN BELOW 6.5 MG/CU M.
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 184]**PEER REVIEWED**

May be harmful if inhaled. Liquid and vapor cause severe eye and skin burns even in short single exposure. Respiratory damage occurs at low vapor concentrations.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-28]**PEER REVIEWED**

Conjuctivitis, upper airway irritation, bronchoconstriction, pulmonary edema (pneumonitis), acnelike changes, mucous membrane necrosis.
[Kimbrough, R.D., P. Grandjean, D.D. Rutstein. Clinical Effects of Environmental Chemicals. New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1989. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ten ppm bromine gas is a severe irritant and cannot be tolerated.
[Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992. 1196]**PEER REVIEWED**

/Researcher/ reported that exposure at 1 ppm in a plant handling liquid bromine was considered excessively irritating.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.150]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

Liquid /bromine/ penetrates the tissue rapidly and produces eruptions, irritations, and painful injuries which heal slowly.
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 145]**PEER REVIEWED**

Irritating concn 2.10 mg/cu m
[Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin burns can occur from liquid bromine spills. Bromine initially causes a cooling effect on the skin and after a delay will produce a burning sensation that can progress to deep chemical burns as well as a brown discoloration of the skin.
[Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992. 1196]**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

BROMINE VAPORS ... ENTER BODY BY RESP SYSTEM, SKIN, & DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ... .
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 327]**PEER REVIEWED**

ESCAPE OF BROMINE INTO WORKPLACE AIR IS MAIN TOXIC HAZARD DURING ... PRODUCTION.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 327]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Medical Treatment:

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The following Overview, *** BROMINE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) SUMMARY - Bromine is extremely corrosive to the eyes, skin, pulmonary tree and mucus membranes in liquid or vapor forms. B) ORAL - Ingestion may cause severe corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, and circulatory collapse. C) INHALATION - May cause respiratory tract irritation, cough, bronchospasm, upper airway edema and delayed pulmonary edema. D) OCULAR - Low concentrations of vapor cause irritation, lacrimation and inflammation; blepharospasm and photophobia develop at higher concentrations. Splash exposure may cause severe burns. E) DERMAL - Splash contact may cause burns with brown discoloration and slowly healing ulcers. 0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS 0.2.3.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Hypotension may occur after ingestion with corrosive injury and hemorrhage from the gastrointestinal tract. 0.2.4 HEENT 0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Lacrimation, epistaxis, photophobia, blepharospasm, and brown discoloration of mucous membranes and the tongue may be noted. 0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) HYPOTENSION - Oral ingestion may result in shock secondary to corrosive effects. 0.2.6 RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Inhalation may cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract, cough, delayed pulmonary edema, bronchospasm, chemical pneumonitis, ARDS, glottal spasm, and glottal edema. Bromine is reported to be a more potent respiratory irritant than chlorine. 0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Headache and dizziness have been reported. 0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL 0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Following ingestion mucosal burns, esophagitis, and gastroenteritis have occurred. B) Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain have been reported following inhalation exposure. 0.2.10 GENITOURINARY 0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Hemorrhagic nephritis, with oliguria or anuria, may develop within 1 to 2 days after oral ingestion of liquid bromine, as a sequelae to shock or hemolysis. 0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Dermatitis may occur following inhalation exposure. B) Dermal burns may be noted. 0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY 0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7726-95-6 (IARC, 2004): 1) Not Listed 0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW A) No studies on the possible carcinogenic effects of bromine were found at the time of this review. 0.2.21.3 ANIMAL OVERVIEW A) No studies on the possible carcinogenic effects of bromine were found at the time of this review. 0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY A) No studies on the possible genetic effects of bromine were found at the time of this review.

Laboratory:
A) Air concentrations may be determined by absorption to alkali, and liberation by chlorine water, by colorimetric techniques.

Treatment Overview:
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE A) DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to 240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL in a child). 0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE A) INHALATION EXPOSURE - 1) Rescuers should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing. B) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. C) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. D) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests. 0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. 0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE A) OVERVIEW 1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists.

Range of Toxicity:
A) The lowest oral lethal dose has been estimated to be 14 mg/kg. B) TLV - 0.1 ppm C) TLV (ceiling) - 4 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes

[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2004; CCIS Volume 122, edition expires Nov, 2004. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2004; CCIS Volume 122, edition expires Nov, 2004.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related cmpds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994.,p. 404-5]**PEER REVIEWED**

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who unconscious. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider vasopressors to treat hypotension without signs of hypovolemia ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related cmpds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 405]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Toxicity Studies:

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

... EXERTS STRONG IRRITANT ACTION UPON RESP TRACT ... 3500 MG/CU M ... (550 PPM) BEING IMMEDIATELY FATAL TO ANIMALS ... EXPOSURE OF 7 HR TO ... (23 PPM) PROVOKED ONLY IRRITATION OF RESP TRACT & SLIGHT DYSPNEA IN CATS, RABBITS ... GUINEA PIGS, WHILE ... (180 PPM) CAUSED ... DISTURBANCES OF FUNCTION OF CNS.
[Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 853]**PEER REVIEWED**

NECROPSY OF GUINEA PIGS & RABBITS FOLLOWING 3 HR EXPOSURE ... AT 300 PPM REVEALED ... EDEMA OF LUNG, A PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS DEPOSIT ON TRACHEA & BRONCHI, & HEMORRHAGES OF GASTRIC MUCOSA. FOCI OF BRONCHOPNEUMONIA WERE FOUND IN ANIMALS THAT DIED SEVERAL DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE & THERE WAS EVIDENCE OF FUNCTIONAL DISTURBANCES IN CNS.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 4508]**PEER REVIEWED**

RATS FED 0.01 MG/KG BROMINE FOR 6 MONTHS EXPERIENCED CHANGES IN THEIR CONDITIONED REFLEXES & SEVERAL BLOOD INDEXES. RATS, MICE, & RABBITS INHALING 0.2 PPM OF BROMINE FOR 4 MONTHS DEVELOPED DISTURBANCES IN THE FUNCTIONS OF THEIR RESPIRATORY, NERVOUS, & ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS; 0.02 PPM DID NOT CAUSE ANY ADVERSE EFFECTS.
[National Research Council. Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981. 115]**PEER REVIEWED**

Immediate & delayed (24 hr) effects of a 20 min exposure of cowpea primary leaf tissue to 1, 3, or 5 ppm bromine gas was studied. The formation of circular, adaxial & abaxial surface lesions & leaf compression were the most visible changes. At 1 ppm cellular changes such as adaxial depression & anticlinal cell wall interdigitation were reversed when exposed plants were returned to normal environment. At 5 ppm the entire population immediately became irreversibly necrotic.
[Strauss SJ et al; Phytopathology 72 (7): 793-800 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Concentrations of more than 30 mmol/l (2400 mg/l) bromide in serum of cattle led to signs of motor incoordination.
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 148]**PEER REVIEWED**

Bromine releases as a consequence of ... production activities has had serious effects upon vegetation in the locale. The first noted manifestation of a problem was damage to coniferous trees near the bromine plants. Needle tip necrosis after 13 to 14 month and 1 to 2 month exposure times was very evident within a 3 mile radius of all bromine facilities sampled. At further distances of 3.5 to 12 miles, tip damage was sporadic, varying from tree to tree, and not evident on 1 to 2 month-exposure needles. The foliage burn and death of trees within 0.5 to 1 mile was extreme. Conifers were decidedly more susceptible to the bromine emissions than were broadleaf trees, shrubs, and grasses. Chlorophyll (a and b) levels were greatly reduced in the conifer trees surrounding the bromine plants. This was taken as a strong indicator of extreme air pollution problems because chlorophyll does not reflect environmental problems until they become overwhelming.
[USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Bromine and bromine compounds p.54 (1980) EPA 560/11-80-011]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal studies have shown that 3-hr exposures to bromine at 3 ppm can result in pulmonary edema and direct damage to the airway epithelia.
[Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992. 793]**PEER REVIEWED**

Approximately 50% of mice exposed to bromine at 240 ppm for 2 hr died within 30 days after the exposure. At 750 ppm, a 7-min exposure of mice was lethal to approximately 40% within 30 days after the exposure.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.150]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Values:

LC50 Mouse ihl 750 ppm/9 mos
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 506]**PEER REVIEWED**

Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:

BROMINE VAPORS ... ENTER BODY BY RESP SYSTEM, SKIN, & DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ... IT HAS CUMULATIVE PROPERTIES, BEING DEPOSITED IN TISSUES AS BROMIDES ... .
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 327]**PEER REVIEWED**

Biological Half-Life:

10.5 days and in an average clearance of 0.68 ml/min.
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 147]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pharmacology:

Therapeutic Uses:

FORMERLY AS TOPICAL ANTISEPTIC, DEODORANT
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 192]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Natural Pollution Sources:

ABUNDANCE IN IGNEOUS ROCK: 1.6X10-4% BY WT; IN SEAWATER 0.0065% BY WT.
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 192]**PEER REVIEWED**

It does not occur in nature in pure form because of its high reactivity but is found as a normal secondary component of chlorine in minerals and biological systems. A pure bromine-containing mineral is found in Mexico as bromite (AgBr).
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 143]**PEER REVIEWED**

Artificial Pollution Sources:

Traces of bromine & lead were detected in air from automobile exhaust gases.
[Barfoot KM et al; Atmos Environ 18 (2): 467-71 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate:

Studies on the determination of avg contents of bromine in soils & plants of Japan, forests of the Andosol region of Central Honshu were evaluated. The avg content of bromine in soils of grasslands, orchards & upland crop fields were 10 fold higher than those recorded from overseas. The avg content in these soils was higher than those recorded in forest soil of the basins of the Miomote & Nagara Rivers (Japan). The avg values reported in the leaves of plants in Miomote & Nagara Rivers was 12 ppm. The contents of iodine & bromine in the forest soil, plants & rainwater were generally higher in coastal than in the inland areas.
[Yuita K; Soil Sci Plant Nutr 29 (4): 403-28 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The contents of three elements in the soils & plants were evaluated with emphasis placed on the difference of the land utilization in the basin of the Nagara River. The avg content of bromine in soils of the forest from the basin of the Nagara River was almost 10 fold higher than those reported outside of Japan (63 ppm). This was similar to avg level found in the Miomote River. In paddy soils, the bromine content was more than 10 times lower than in the former (plow layer; 3.3 ppm). These findings were ascribed to the eluviation of iodine & bromine from the soil under submerged conditions. The concn factor (content in plant leaves/content in soil surface (horizon A or plow layer) /in dry wt basis/, for wild plants was 0.10 ppm; in paddy rice, 6.2 ppm.
[Yuita K; Soil Sci Plant Nutr 28 (4): 499-516 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The contents of the three elements were evaluated according to land utilization in the basin of the Miomote River. The avg contents of bromine in soils of the forest & upland fields were almost 10 times higher than those recorded from overseas. In paddy soils bromine content was more than 10 times lower (plow layer; 7.0 ppm) than in former. These findings were ascribed to the eluviation of iodine & bromine from the soil under submerged conditions. The concentration factor in wild plants (content in leaves of plant per dry wt/content in horizon-A of soil,/on dry wt basis/ was 0.37.
[Yuita K; Soil Sci Plant Nutr 28 (3): 315-36 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Water Concentrations:

Searles Lake in CA is reported to contain 0.085% bromide, other sources are brine wells the richest are found in Arkansas & Michigan. /Bromine/
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 4(78) 233]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dead Sea is estimated to contain 1 billion tons of bromine; seawater contains about 65 ppm bromine; underground water content in Poland has an estimated 36 million tons of bromine.
[Bureau of Mines Mineral Commodity Summaries 1986 p.27]**PEER REVIEWED**

Atmospheric Concentrations:

In an abnormal urban atmospheric situation, an exceptionally increased lead concentration which had no relationship to traffic modification was found. Other sources were detected by using simultaneous studies of granulometric distribution & concentrations of lead & bromine.
[Dutot A et al; Chemosphere 11 (3): 325-30 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lead & bromine particles were detected in air from automobile exhaust gases. The particulates were produced by the internal combustion engine which used leaded premium gasoline.
[Boesch P, Haerdi W; Pollut Atmos 102: 90-101 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Standards & Regulations:

FIFRA Requirements:

The food additives, bromide ion and residual bromine, may be present in potable water in accordance with the following conditions: (a) The food additives are present as a result of treating water aboard ships with a polybrominated ion-exchange resin (as a source of bromine) under the supervision of trained personnel, (b) Residual bromine levels are controlled to not exceed 1 ppm in the final treated water. Control is effected using calibrated recirculating or proportioning bromine feeder equipment and periodic checks of residual bromine using a bromine test kit. To assure safe use of the additives, the label and labeling of the disinfectant formulation containing the food additives shall conform to the label and labeling registered by the US EPA, and (c) no tolerance is established for bromide ion levels. /Bromide ion and residual bromine/
[40 CFR 185.425 (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED**

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Bromine is found on List D. Case No: 4015; Pesticide type: Insecticide, fungicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: RED Approved 01/94; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document .; Active ingredient (AI): Bromine; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 11/15/93; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.
[USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.298 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED**

Acceptable Daily Intakes:

1 mg/kg body wt
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 150]**PEER REVIEWED**

CERCLA Reportable Quantities:

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Bromine is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.
[40 CFR 355 (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Allowable Tolerances:

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

Br2
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-77]**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight:

159.808
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V4 (92) 538]**PEER REVIEWED**

Color/Form:

Dark reddish-brown liq
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

Orange to red brown vapor
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 392]**PEER REVIEWED**

RHOMBIC CRYSTALS
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 181]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dark, reddish-brown, fuming liquid with suffocating, irritating fumes.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Odor:

Suffocating
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 228]**PEER REVIEWED**

Bleachy, penetrating
[Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Taste:

Taste threshold: 0.17-0.23 mg/l (as bromide) in water at pH 5-9
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health, Volume 6. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1986. 182]**PEER REVIEWED**

Boiling Point:

58.78 deg C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 228]**PEER REVIEWED**

Melting Point:

-7.25 deg C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 228]**PEER REVIEWED**

Corrosivity:

Highly corrosive
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 392]**PEER REVIEWED**

Attacks most metals, incl platinum & palladium; dry bromine does not attack lead, nickel, magnesium, tantalum, iron, zinc, & sodium (the latter below 300 deg C).
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

Critical Temperature & Pressure:

Critical temperature: 315 deg C; Critical pressure: 102 atm
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 228]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity:

3.11 @ 25 deg C/4 deg C
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of Vaporization:

187 J/g @ 50 deg C
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 392]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solubilities:

Freely sol in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, concn hydrochloric acid, aq soln of bromides
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 228]**PEER REVIEWED**

3.5 g/100g @ 30 deg C
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 393]**PEER REVIEWED**

2.31 g in 100 g water @ 0 deg C
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. 4 (92) 538]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sol in common organic solvents
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

0.2141 moles/l in water @ 25 deg C with formation of 0.00115 moles/l of hypobromous acid (HOBr)
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 228]**PEER REVIEWED**

33.6 g/l in water @ 25 deg C
[Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994. 140]**PEER REVIEWED**

Spectral Properties:

Index of refraction: 1.6475 @ 25 deg C
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 392]**PEER REVIEWED**

Surface Tension:

40.9 Dynes/cm @ 25 deg C
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 392]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Density:

7.139 g/l @ 0 deg C and 1 atm
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 392]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Pressure:

212 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
[Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Viscosity:

0.314 sq mm/s
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V4 (92) 538]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

Natural isotopes: 79 (50.54%); 81 (49.46%); Atomic number 35; Elemental state: Br2; Valences 1 to 7 diatomic liq; Heat capacity (liq, 25 deg C): 18.089 Cal/mole deg; Dissociation energy at 25 deg C: 46.072 Kcal; Known isotopes range in mass number from 74-90; Radioactive tracer elements: 77, 80, 80m (metastable), 82
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 228]**PEER REVIEWED**

Only nonmetallic element that is liquid @ normal temp & pressures
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 391]**PEER REVIEWED**

STRONG OXIDANT PARTICULARLY IN PRESENCE OF WATER
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-99]**PEER REVIEWED**

Wt/gal= 25.7 Lb; Specific heat: 0.107 Cal/g; Dielectric constant: 3.2
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

1 MG/L= 152 PPM, 1 PPM= 6.53 MG/CU M AT 25 DEG C, 760 MM HG
[Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 853]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor pressure = 184.5 mm Hg @ 9.3 deg C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 6-67]**PEER REVIEWED**

Reacts vigorously with aluminum and explosively with potassium.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC FATE - It has ... been recognized that, like chlorine, any bromine entering the stratosphere will also destroy ozone catalytically. Furthermore, the bromine cycle is believed to be more efficient in destroying ozone than is the chlorine cycle.
[USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Bromine and Bromine Compounds p.55 (1980) EPA 560/11-80-011]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Safety & Handling:

DOT Emergency Guidelines:

Health: TOXIC, inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY, it is not effective in spill situations. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Spill or leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances: Small Spills (from a small package or small leak from a large package): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 60 meters (200 feet); then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles) and NIGHT 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles). LARGE SPILLS (from a large package or from many small packages): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 185 meters (600 feet); then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 1.6 kilometers (1.0 miles) and NIGHT 4.0 kilometers (2.5 miles).
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. TABLE]**QC REVIEWED**

Odor Threshold:

ODOR THRESHOLDS OF 0.05-3.5 PPM HAVE BEEN REPORTED.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.150]**PEER REVIEWED**

Odor low 0.329 mg/cu m; Odor high 24.5 mg/cu m
[Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

Irritating concn 2.10 mg/cu m
[Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Potential:

Flammable in the form of liquid or vapor by spontaneous chemical reaction with reducing materials.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 506]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Fighting Procedures:

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use appropriate extinguishing agents on nearly combustible fires.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-28]**PEER REVIEWED**

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 157]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:

During bromination of acetone to bromoacetone, presence of a large excess of bromine must be avoided to prevent sudden and violent reaction.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 98]**PEER REVIEWED**

Organic cmpd containing active hydrogen atoms adjacent to a carbonyl group (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids) may react violently in unmoderated contact with bromine.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 99]**PEER REVIEWED**

Interaction of /bromine and diethyl zinc/ without diluents may produce dangerous explosions ... .
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 99]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lithium is stable in contact with dry bromine, but heavy impact will initiate explosion, while sodium in contact with bromine needs only moderate impact for initiation. Potassium ignites in bromine vapor and explodes violently in contact with liquid bromine and rubidium ignites in bromine vapor. Aluminum, mercury, or titanium react violently with dry bromine. Warm germanium ignites in bromine vapor and antimony ignites in bromine vapor and reacts explosively with the liquid halogen. During preparation of praseodymium bromide, accidental contact of liquid bromine with small particles of praseodymium led to a violent explosion.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 101]**PEER REVIEWED**

Interaction of silane and its homologues with bromine at ambient temperature is explosively violent.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 101]**PEER REVIEWED**

Bromine reacts violently in contact with natural rubber, but more slowly with some synthetic rubbers.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 102]**PEER REVIEWED**

REACTS EXPLOSIVELY WITH ACETYLENE, ACRYLONITRILE, AMMONIA, DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, ETHYL PHOSPHINE, HYDROGEN, ISOBUTYROPHENONE, NICKEL CARBONYL, NITROGEN TRIIODIDE, OZONE, OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, SILVER AZIDE, SODIUM, & SODIUM CARBIDE.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 491-33]**PEER REVIEWED**

INCOMPATIBILITIES: ... WITH ALKALI HYDROXIDES, ARSENITES, FERROUS, MERCUROUS SALTS, HYPOPHOSPHITES & OTHER OXIDIZABLE SUBSTANCES.
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 192]**PEER REVIEWED**

BROMINE WILL CAUSE IGNITION OF ORG MATERIALS SUCH AS SAWDUST. IT COMBINES READILY WITH POTASSIUM, PHOSPHORUS & TIN, & REACTION MAY BE ACCOMPANIED BY SPONTANEOUS IGNITION.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Volumes I and II. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971. 211]**PEER REVIEWED**

FLAMMABLE WITH ANTIMONY, BORON, CESIUM ACETYLENE CARBIDE, CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE, COPPER HYDRIDE, CUPROUS ACETYLIDE, FLUORINE, GERMANIUM, LITHIUM CARBIDE, MAGNESIUM PHOSPHIDE, PHOSPHINE, PHOSPHORUS, PHOSPHORUS OXIDE, PHOSPHORUS TRIOXIDE, RUBIDIUM ACETYLENE CARBIDE, RUBIDIUM CARBIDE, & SODIUM ACETYLENE CARBIDE, STRONTIUM PHOSPHIDE & ZIRCONIUM DICARBIDE.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 491-33]**PEER REVIEWED**

MAY CAUSE FIRE IN CONTACT WITH WOOD, COTTON OR STRAW.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Combustible organics (sawdust, wood, cotton, straw, etc.) aluminum, readily oxidizable materials, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, phosphorus, potassium, sodium (Note: Corrodes iron, steel, stainless steel & copper).
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

3 ppm
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Protective Equipment & Clothing:

CHEMICAL SAFETY GOGGLES, FACE SHIELD, SELF CONTAINED AIR LINE CANISTER MASK, RUBBER SUIT.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 157]**PEER REVIEWED**

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. (Note: It is intended that these facilities should provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.)
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 2.5 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. Eye protection needed. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with cartridge(s) providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal). Eye protection needed.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 3 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and cartridge(s) providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal). Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted canister providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal). Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and cartridge(s) providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal). Eye protection needed. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted canister providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal). Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Preventive Measures:

... IT IS BEST TO CARRY OUT LAB OPERATIONS WITH /BROMINE/ ... IN A HOOD. ACCIDENTAL CONTACT WITH SKIN MUST BE IMMEDIATELY COUNTERACTED BY WASHING WITH WATER. A WORKER WHOSE CLOTHING HAS BEEN DOUSED WITH LIQ BROMINE IS IN SEVERE DANGER UNLESS THE AFFECTED CLOTHING IS REMOVED IMMEDIATELY.
[National Research Council. Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981. 115]**PEER REVIEWED**

USE EFFECTIVE FUME REMOVAL DEVICE. PROTECT SKIN AGAINST EXPOSURE.
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.p. 13/882 51.047]**PEER REVIEWED**

BROMINE CONCN OF 0.5 MG/CU M SHOULD NOT BE EXCEEDED ... /DURING/ PROLONGED EXPOSURE. IN ... CONCN OF 3-4 MG/CU M, WORK WITHOUT RESPIRATOR IS IMPOSSIBLE.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 327]**PEER REVIEWED**

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
[NIOSH. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 2nd Printing. DHHS (NIOSH) Publ. No. 85-114. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, NIOSH/Supt. of Documents, GPO, February 1987.61]**PEER REVIEWED**

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 157]**PEER REVIEWED**

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evqcuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 157]**PEER REVIEWED**

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 157]**PEER REVIEWED**

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipment Methods and Regulations:

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
[49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997. 110]**PEER REVIEWED**

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
[IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.8127 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Storage Conditions:

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-28]**PEER REVIEWED**

Due to the fire and explosion hazard, bromine must not be stored, transported, or treated along with acetylene, butane, methane, benzene, turpentine, or metallic powders. Vessels containing bromine and its cmpd should be kept tightly closed. Large quantities should be stored out of doors, shielded from direct exposure to sunlight, and away from areas of acute fire hazard, high-temperature processes and, readily oxidizable materials.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 329]**PEER REVIEWED**

Cleanup Methods:

1) VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2) COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL OR POUR SODIUM THIOSULFATE OR LIME WATER OVER SMALL SPILLS.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.3]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOLN OR SLURRIES OF 10-50% POTASSIUM CARBONATE, 10-13% SODIUM CARBONATE, & 5-10% SODIUM BICARBONATE OR SATURATED "HYPO" SOLN (PREPARED BY DISSOLVING 4 KG OF TECHNICAL-GRADE SODIUM THIOSULFATE IN 9.5 L OF WATER & ADDING 113 G OF SODA ASH) ARE PREFERRED NEUTRALIZING AGENTS FOR LIQUID BROMINE SPILLS.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 4505]**PEER REVIEWED**

A 5% LIME SLURRY OR 5% SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLN MAY BE USED, BUT HEATS OF REACTION ARE HIGHER FOR THESE REAGENTS. AMMONIA SOLN SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED TO LIQUID SPILLS BECAUSE OF THE HIGH HEAT OF REACTION & NITROGEN EVOLUTION. ANHYDROUS AMMONIA GAS IS USEFUL FOR NEUTRALIZATION OF BROMINE FUMES.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 4505]**PEER REVIEWED**

The maintenance of machinery and equipment is the most hazardous aspect of operations employing bromine and its cmpd. Before undertaking any such work, reaction vessels and ducting must be completely empty, carefully rinsed with water, steamed out, and purged with inert gas. Where there is spillage, water or steam should be used to clean contaminated areas. It should be strictly forbidden to have repair work carried out by one man without a standby worker. The air in the damaged equip must be checked for the presence of toxic substances before the repair work is started. If necessary, the workers have to wear gas masks after having been especially trained in their use.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 329]**PEER REVIEWED**

Disposal Methods:

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
**PEER REVIEWED**

... BY ABSORBING IT IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL & DISPOSING IN SEALED CONTAINERS IN SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.3]**PEER REVIEWED**

Occupational Exposure Standards:

OSHA Standards:

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/cu m).
[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/cu m); STEL 0.3 ppm (2 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 360]**PEER REVIEWED**

Threshold Limit Values:

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.2 ppm.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.18]**QC REVIEWED**

NIOSH Recommendations:

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 hr Time-Weighted avg: 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/cu m).
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 0.3 ppm (2 mg/cu m).
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

3 ppm
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Occupational Permissible Levels:

MAC USSR: 0.5 mg/cu m (skin)
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 326]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG): ERPG(1) 0.2 ppm (no more than mild, transient effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(2) 1 ppm (without serious, adverse effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(3) 5 ppm (not life threatening) up to 1 hr exposure.
[American Industrial Hygiene Association. The AIHA 1999 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook. American Industrial Hygiene Association. Fairfax, VA 1999.25]**PEER REVIEWED**

Australia: 0.1 ppm, STEL 0.3 ppm (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 0.1 ppm, short-term level 0.2 ppm, 5 min, 8 times per shift (1990); Sweden: 0.1 ppm, 15-min short-term value of 0.3 ppm (1984); United Kingdom: 0.1 ppm, 10-min STEL 0.3 ppm (1991).
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.151]**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

In water disinfection; bleaching fibers and silk; manuf medicinal bromine compds, dyestuffs.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 228]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire-retardant for plastics; in photography; shrink-proofing wool; in org synthesis; solvent; intermed for fumigants; fire-extinguishing fluid; analytical reagent
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL INTERMED FOR ETHYL BROMIDE, METHYL BROMIDE, ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE, OTHER BROMINE CMPD & SALTS; IN BLEACHING AGENTS, DISINFECTING AGENTS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

INTERMED IN MANUFACTURE OF SEDATIVES, ANESTHETICS, ANTISPASMODIC AGENTS, HYDRAULIC FLUIDS, REFRIGERATING & DEHUMIDIFYING AGENTS, HAIR-WAVING PREPARATION
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 4507]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dyes; oil & gas well drilling and completion fluids
[Chemical Products Synopsis: Bromine (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICATION
**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturers:

Albemarle Corporation 451 Florida St, Baton Rouge, LA 70801, (504) 388-8011; Production Site: Magnolia, AR 71753
[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998.. 484]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dow Chemical USA, Hq, 2020 Dow Center, Midland, MI 48674, (517) 636-1000; Production site: South Madison St, Ludington, MI 49431
[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998.. 484]**PEER REVIEWED**

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, Hq, Highway 52, North West, West Lafayette, IN 47906, (317) 497-6100; Production sites: El Dorado, AR 71730; Marysville, AR 72000
[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998.. 484]**PEER REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing:

... PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY BY CHLORINE DISPLACEMENT, ELECTROLYSIS OR SOLVENT EXTRACTION ... KOUBIRSCHSKY PROCESS & DAW PROCESS.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 327]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Oxidation of the bromide ion in the brine to bromine, removal of bromine vapors from solution, condensation of the vapor, and finally, purification of the product.
[USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profiles p.49 (1980) EPA 560/11-80-011]**PEER REVIEWED**

Either use stripping vapors or steam or air. Steam is used in brine with greater than 1000 ppm Br while air is used when seawater is the source of bromine because very large volumes of stripping gas are needed.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V4 (92) 538]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information:

REAGENT IN DETERMINATION OF IODINE IN IODIZED SALT. /BROMINE WATER/
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.p. 13/566 33.147]**PEER REVIEWED**

REAGENT FOR DETERMINATION OF CHOLESTEROL. /BROMINE SOLUTION/
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.p. 13/277 17.020]**PEER REVIEWED**

... ITS USE IN DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION HAS NOT BEEN RECOMMENDED BECAUSE OF ITS CUMULATIVE NEUROTOXICITY. CONCN OF 2 MG/L ARE REQUIRED FOR DISINFECTION.
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 182]**PEER REVIEWED**

... BROMINE IS AN ADEQUATE DISINFECTANT FOR SWIMMING WATER ... IN EXCESS OF 2.0 PPM ... BROMINATION OF POOL WATER USING BROMOCHLORODIMETHYL-HYDANTOIN IN WHICH ... FREE & COMBINED BROMINE WERE ... ABOVE 4.0 PPM ACHIEVED INACTIVATION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA & ENTEROCOCCI ... CONCN UP TO 9.0 PPM CAUSED NO DISCOMFORT ...
[Arena, J.M. Poisoning: Toxicology-Symptoms Treatments. Third Edition. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974. 598]**PEER REVIEWED**

BROMINE IS A POWERFUL CAUSTIC & GERMICIDE BUT IS NOT EMPLOYED AS A MEDICINAL AGENT.
[Landrock, A.H. Handbook of Plastics Flammability and Combustion Toxicology. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications, 1983. 361]**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

Grades: Technical; CP; 99.8%; 99.95%.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

Specifications of the USP and the ACS Committee on analytical reagents allow up to 0.05% chlorine, 0.001% iodine, 0.001% sulfur, and 0.005% non-volatile matter
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 4(78) 239]**PEER REVIEWED**

Impurities:

TYPICAL, FRESHLY PREPARED BROMINE FROM A MODERN PLANT IS LIKELY TO BE AT LEAST 99.9% PURE. PROBABLE IMPURITIES ARE CHLORINE, MOISTURE & ORG MATERIAL AT LEVELS OF LESS THAN 50 PPM EACH. SPECIFICATIONS ... FOR REAGENT-GRADE BROMINE ALLOW UP TO 0.3% CHLORINE, 0.05% IODINE, 0.002% SULFUR, & NONVOLATILE MATTER 0.015% MAXIMUM.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 4506]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chlorine max 100 ppm, Water max 30 ppm, Nonvolatile residues max 30 ppm, Organic residues max 100 ppm.
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. A4 (85) 392]**PEER REVIEWED**

Consumption Patterns:

76% AS AN INTERMED FOR ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE, METHYL BROMIDE, CHLOROBROMOMETHANE, AND TRIFLUOROBROMOMETHANE; 14% IN SANITATION PROCESSES; AND 10% IN MISC INTERMED APPLICATIONS (1971)
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

Flame retardants, 30%; Completion drilling fluids (ie calcium bromide), 28%; Ethylene dibromide, 20%; Agricultural chemicals, primarily methyl bromide, 10%; Exports, 4%; Miscellaneous, especially pool and water treatment chemicals, 8% (1985)
[Chemical Profile: Bromine (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Flame retardant 38%, drilling fluids 22%, sodium bromide solutions 10%, Brominated pesticides (mostly methyl bromide) 8%, water treatment 7%, miscellaneous including photographic chemicals and rubber additives 15%.
[Chemical Marketing Reporter; Chemical Profile. Bromine. March 31, 1997. p. 37. NY,NY: Schnell Pub Co (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Demand, 1996: 425 million lbs; 1997: 435 million lbs; 2001: 480 million lbs
[Chemical Marketing Reporter; Chemical Profile. Bromine. March 31, 1997. p. 37. NY,NY: Schnell Pub Co (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Production:

(1972) 1.7X10+10 GRAMS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1975) 1.85X10+11 GRAMS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1985) 1.59X10+11 g (est)
[BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1986 P.26]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Imports:

(1975) 2.27X10+7 GRAMS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1985) 5.45X10+9 g (est)
[BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1986 P.26]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1986) 3.42X10+5 lb
[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS; US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1986 P.1-511]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Exports:

(1975) 2.95X10+10 GRAMS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1985) 5.08X10+10 g (est)
[BUREAU OF MINES; MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES P.26 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Laboratory Methods:

Clinical Laboratory Methods:

Colorimetric techniques for direct quantitation of bromide in biological material are based on the property of forming complexes with gold (3+) and Palladium (2+), and the reaction to elementary bromine by oxidizing reagents. Bromine can be estimated by direct measurement of its absorption at 405 nm rosaniline or phenol red is followed. Such colorimetric methods require protein-free solutions which can be obtained by precipitation of the protein or by alkaline incineration of the organic matter, a procedure which comprises the sum of bromide and organic bound bromine.
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 150]**PEER REVIEWED**

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

AOAC Method 952.24. Carius combustion method.
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. 12/337]**PEER REVIEWED**

AOAC Method 920.202. Manganese, Iodine, Bromine, Arsenic, and Boric Acid in Water for Preparation of Sample.
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. 11/601 34.108]**PEER REVIEWED**

AOAC Method 974.36. Microchemical Determination of Bromine, Chlorine, or Iodine by Oxygen Flask Combustion Method.
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. 12/337]**PEER REVIEWED**

AOAC Method 969.47. Thermoelectric-Vapor Pressure Method.
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. 12/337]**PEER REVIEWED**

Concentrations of bromine in fish, plant, & mammalian oils were determined by cyclic instrumental neutron activation analysis. Fish oils contained 2.36-9.63 ug/g. It was not detected in rapeseed or soybean oils. In menhaden oils the bromine concn was reduced markedly by hydrogenation. The method yielded results in agreement with published values obtained by other methods. It was rapid & essentially free from interferences.
[Elson CM et al; J Am Oil Chem Soc 60 (4): 829-32 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Bromine was detected in air by instrumental thermal & epithermal neutron activation analysis.
[Gladney ES et al; J Radioanal Chem 78 (1): 213-25 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A gas chromatographic method is based on the reaction of bromine with 2,4-dimethylphenol. X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis have the advantage of being highly specific, sensitive and fast, but special instrumental equipment is required. Anion exchange chromatographic determination of bromide is another highly sensitive method.
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 151]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method 6011. Determination of Chlorine by Ion Chromatography. This method is applicable to air samples. This procedure is also applicable to bromine.
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed. Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Special References:

Special Reports:

Dillon HK; Methods Development for Sampling and Analysis of Chlorine, Chlorine dioxide, Bromine, and Iodine;NTIS Report PB83-246363 (SORI-EAS-82-828): 30 (1983). Sampling & analysis methods developed for the detection of toxic oxidants such as bromine, chlorine, chlorine dioxide & iodine in air.

Dillon HK; Methods Development for Sampling and Analysis of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Bromine, and Iodine; NTIS Report PB83-244988 (SORI-EAS-82-672): 50 (1983). Sampling & analysis methods developed for the detection of bromine in workplace air.

USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Bromine and Bromine Compounds (Draft) (1976).

Synonyms and Identifiers:

Synonyms:

BROME (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**

BROM (GERMAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**

Bromine solution
**PEER REVIEWED**

BROMO (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**

Bromo (Spanish)
**PEER REVIEWED**

BROOM (DUTCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**

Caswell No 112
**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 008701
**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

Grades: Technical; CP; 99.8%; 99.95%.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 169]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

UN 1744; Bromine or Bromine solutions

IMO 8.0; Bromine or Bromine solutions

Standard Transportation Number:

49 361 10; Bromine