Chlorine

CHLORINE

Human Health Effects:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity:

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.21]**QC REVIEWED**

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

At autopsy, chlorine fatalities can show sloughing of the bronchial columnar epithelium, purulent intraluminal exudate, hyaline membranes in the alveolar spaces, thrombi in the pulmonary vessels, and interstitial and alveolar pulmonary edema.
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1233]**PEER REVIEWED**

EXPOSURES TO ... 3-6 PPM ... STINGING OR BURNING SENSATION IN EYES, NOSE & THROAT ... HEADACHE ... REDNESS & WATERING OF EYES, SNEEZING, COUGHING, & HUSKINESS OR LOSS OF VOICE.
[Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 847]**PEER REVIEWED**

... MEN EXPOSED IN BLEACHING ROOMS TO CONCN OF THE ORDER OF (5 PPM) ... SUFFER FROM DISEASE OF THE BRONCHI, & BECOME PREDISPOSED TO TUBERCULOSIS. ... IRRITATES SKIN CAUSING SENSATIONS OF BURNING OR PRICKLING, INFLAMMATION OR EVEN BLISTER FORMATION.
[Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 848]**PEER REVIEWED**

ACUTE EXPOSURE ... VOMITING. ... ANXIETY ... CHRONIC EXPOSURE. ... CONCN OF 0.8-1 PPM CAUSE PERMANENT, ALTHOUGH MODERATE, REDUCTION IN PULMONARY FUNCTION.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 455]**PEER REVIEWED**

PATIENT HAD MYASTHENIA GRAVIS MANIFESTED BY LARYNGEAL STRIDOR AFTER ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE TO CHLORINE GAS. DIAGNOSIS WAS ESTABLISHED BY CORRECTION OF ABNORMAL PULMONARY FUNCTION AFTER INJECTION OF EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE. PATIENT SUBSEQUENTLY HAD GENERALIZED MYASTHENIA GRAVIS.
[FOULKS CJ; SOUTH MED J 74 (11): 1423-24 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Acute toxic levels: The extent of injury depends on the concn and duration of exposure as well as the water content of the tissue involved and the presence of underlying cardiopulmonary disease. ... Estimated clinical effects ... as follows: ... 1-3 ppm: Mild mucous membrane irritation; ... 5-15 ppm: Moderate irritation of upper resp tract; 30 ppm: Immediate chest pain, vomiting, dyspnea, cough; 40-60 ppm: Toxic pneumonitis and pulmonary edema; 430 ppm: Lethal over 30 min; 1000 ppm: Fatal within a few min.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 878]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hypochlorite containing disinfectants or bleaching fluids, if inhaled, may lead to life threatening poisoning through the immediate liberation of chlorine gas, if they are used together with another cleansing fluid which is very acidic. /Hypochlorites/
[Okonek S et al; Dtsch Med Wochenschr 109 (49): 1874-47 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Caution: Potential symptoms of overexposure are burning of eyes, nose and mouth; lacrimation, rhinorrhea; coughing, choking and substernal pain; nausea, vomiting; headache, dizziness; syncope; pulmonary edema; pneumonia; hypoxemia; dermatitis; eye and skin burns.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Corrosive effect and pulmonary effect: Complete destruction of skin or mucous membrane.
[Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987. 199]**PEER REVIEWED**

A concn of 3.5 ppm produces a detectable odor; 15 ppm causes immediate irritation of the throat. Concn of 50 ppm are dangerous for even short exposures; 1000 ppm may be fatal, even when exposure is brief.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 718]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Reported prolongation of optical chronaxie in 3 subjects exposed to a chlorine concn of 1.5 mg/cu m (0.52 ppm), but did not observed an appreciable effect at chlorine concn ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 mg/cu m (0.21 to 0.34 ppm) (odor perception threshold: 0.8 mg/cu m). Approx 2-2.5 min after cessation of exposure to the higher chlorine levels, the optical chronaxie returned to baseline levels.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.57 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In a series of 75 tests on 3 subjects, a chlorine concn of 1.5 mg/cu m (0.52 ppm) elicited heightened light sensitivity, but exposure to a concn of 0.8 mg/cu m (0.28 ppm) did not induce any effects. Changes in sensitivity to light became evident only at, or above the odor perception threshold level.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.57 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Discussed briefly the drying effects on the skin and hair of chlorinated water. Swimmers have reported a bleaching effect of chlorine on their hair, some have developed "green hair", and many a chemical conjunctivitis. There have also been occasional reports of asthma precipitated by exposure to chlorinated water ... .
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.68 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... (1935) Reported the outcome of 15 pregnancies among female workers at a chlorine plant in the years 1932-33. Of these, 13 births were normal and 2 were premature. In one of these 2 cases, a 6 1/2 month-old female fetus was stillborn; induced abortion was suspected. In the other, the 4 1/2-month old fetus was macerated and no definitive cause was established. No mention was made of possible congenital malformations. The authors concluded that pregnancy, delivery, puerperium, and lactation were not affected.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.72 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In a series of in vitro experiments on a human lymphocyte culture system ... (1971) reported that chlorine concn 2-20 times those normally found in drinking water induced chromatid and chromosome breaks, translocations, dicentric chromosomes, and gaps.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.72 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... The effects of low concentrations of chlorine on pulmonary function in humans /was studied/. Eighty healthy, unacclimated volunteers were exposed to chlorine gas at concentrations of 0.5 or 1 ppm, and several pulmonary function measurements were made. Comparisons were made by paired t-tests between the percent change from base-line values obtained at analogous times after a sham exposure. With the sham versus the 0.5 ppm exposure, insignificant changes were observed. With the sham versus the 1 ppm, there were many differences in percent change from base line that were significant at the p < 0.05 level or better. These were in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, peak expiratory flow rate, forced expiratory flow rate at 50% and 25% vital capacity ... ,and airway resistance. Most of the test results returned to normal by the next day. ... /It was concluded/ that even though chlorine does not produce any serious subjective symptoms at low concentrations, it adversely affects pulmonary function transiently.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.254]**PEER REVIEWED**

... /Authors/ reported on in-depth studies of 25 chloralkali plants. The study involved 332 male workers on diaphragm cells matched with 382 workers not exposed to chlorine. Air samples at representative locations within each plant was done every 2 months throughout the study year. TWA exposure data were calculated for each worker on an 8-hr basis. All but 6 of the workers had exposures below 1 ppm, and 21 had TWAs above 0.52 ppm; the average concentration of chlorine ranged from 0.006 to 1.42 ppm with a mean of 0.15 ppm. The average number of chlorine exposure years for all workers was 10.9. For these dosages (exposure concentration times years of employment), medical histories showed no dose-response correlation between prevalence of colds, dyspnea, palpitation, or chest pain. Chest X-rays, ventilatory capacity, maximal ventilatory capacity, or forced expiratory volume at 3 seconds indicated no evidence of permanent lung damage from chlorine at the exposures reported above. However, of 329 electrocardiograms from 332 workers, 9.4% were abnormal compared with 8.5% in the 382 controls. The incidence of fatigue was greater in those exposed above 0.5 ppm but not below, and anxiety and dizziness showed a modest correlation (p = 0.05) with exposure level. Leukocytosis (p = 0.05) and a lower hematocrit (p = 0.017) showed some relation to exposure. No neoplasia or serious pulmonary disease was reported.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.252]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

... Irritating to nose & throat at 5 ppm or above ...
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 2960]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Highly irritating especially to the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract.
[USEPA; Subst Risk Notice, 8EHQ-1182-0466 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Medical Surveillance:

Medical histories should include sufficient detail to document the occurrence of bronchitis, tuberculosis, or pulmonary abscesses.
[NIOSH; Criteria Document: Chlorine p.2 (1976) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 76-170]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommended medical surveillance: ... A complete history and physical examination: ... Examination of the eyes ... cardiac status, and teeth should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. Simple tests of olfactory ability should be carried out. 14" x 17" chest roentgenogram ... /along with respiratory function tests:/ FVC and forced expiratory volume (1 sec). ... Periodic medical exam: The above medical exam are to be repeated on an annual basis, except that an X-ray is necessary only when indicated by the results of pulmonary function testing or by signs and symptoms of resp disease.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.1]**PEER REVIEWED**

Populations at Special Risk:

... Individuals with pulmonary disease, breathing /problems/, bronchitis, or chronic lung conditions.
[ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982. 114]**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Dermal contact from handling chlorine or its products in home and industry; inhalation from ambient air and workspace exposure and ingestion of food and water treated with chlorine.
[USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.21 (1981) EPA 450/3-78-005]**PEER REVIEWED**

Exposures most commonly result from either storage or transportation accidents involving the pressurized liquid form. Other poisonings occur in industrial accidents, school chemistry experiments, accidental release of chlorine from swimming pool operations, and mixing of cleaning agents (adding acidic cleaning agents to hypochlorite bleach releases chlorine gases).
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 878]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Medical Treatment:

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The following Overview, *** CHLORINE GAS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:

o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects:

SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Inhalation is the main route of chlorine gas exposure. Chlorine gas vapors are heavy and settle in low areas; odor is not a good indicator of exposure severity. Chlorine gas is severely irritating on contact and can be corrosive to the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and mucous membranes; exposure can result in severe or permanent eye injury. Contact with the escaping compressed liquid can cause frostbite and/or chemical burns to the eyes and skin. Chlorine combines with tissue water to produce HCl, producing injury and reactive oxygen species. o Mixing household cleaning agents (bleach with acids or ammonia) produces chlorine gas and other active chlorine compounds such as chloramine. For example, mixing household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with acid toilet bowl cleaners produces chlorine gas. Ammonia mixed with bleach results in the release of chloramine. A single acute exposure to these reaction products commonly produces coughing, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, a burning sensation in the chest, pneumonitis, and tachycardia. A few patients may experience vomiting, diaphoresis and headache. Severe cases may result in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. o Exposure to chlorine gas at an air concentration of 1 to 3 ppm produces mild irritation; 3 to 6 ppm, itching, stinging and burning of the eyes, lacrimation, blepharospasm, as well as burning of the nose and throat, sneezing, coughing, and bloody nose or sputum; 5 to 10 ppm, moderate upper respiratory irritation; 10 to 20 ppm, intense irritation; 30 ppm, chest pain, vomiting, dyspnea and cough. o More severe exposures produce more serious effects. For example, 14 ppm for 30 minutes results in severe pulmonary damage; 430 ppm or more for 30 minutes, or 34 to 51 ppm for 60 minutes may be fatal; and 1,000 ppm can be fatal within a few breaths. o Symptoms of exposure to chlorine gas also include rhinorrhea, nausea, headache, dizziness and syncope, muscle weakness, choking (cramps in the pharyngeal muscles), epigastric pain, a feeling of suffocation, apprehension and anxiety, dermatitis, retrosternal burning and substernal pain, respiratory distress, shortness of breath, pneumonia, bronchospasm and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Bronchopneumonia or respiratory collapse may be lethal complications. o Hypoxia is common, whereas C02 retention and pulmonary function abnormalities are generally less common. Rales, hypoxemia and airway obstruction have been found. o Respiratory symptoms may be immediate or delayed up to several hours after exposure. Symptoms generally resolve within 6 hours after mild exposures, but may continue for more than 24 hours after severe exposures. Deterioration may continue for several hours. o Moderate or severe exposure (associated with acute marked airflow obstruction and air-trapping) often results in residual pulmonary dysfunction, most notably hyperreactive airways and low residual volumes. These long-term sequelae of acute exposure may persist for several years. o Chronic exposure to chlorine gas may cause dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain, reactive upper airways dysfunction syndrome, tooth corrosion, and an increased prevalence of colds. Chronic exposure to 15 ppm produced coughing, hemoptysis, chest pain and sore throat. Chronic exposure to chlorine gas is the most frequent cause of occupational asthma. VITAL SIGNS 0.2.3.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Tachycardia and tachypnea are common. Severe exposure may cause cardiovascular collapse and respiratory arrest. HEENT 0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Green hair, dental enamel erosion, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, nasal and throat irritation may occur. Anosmia is reported. CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Tachycardia and initial hypertension followed by hypotension may occur. Cardiovascular collapse may ensue following severe exposure. RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Feeling of burning and suffocation, coughing, choking, laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, and hypoxia may occur. In high concentrations, syncope and almost immediate death may occur. Pulmonary edema is common after severe exposure. o Multiple exposures produced flu-like symptoms and high risk of developing reactive airway dysfunction syndrome. o Persistent pulmonary dysfunction has been reported in some individuals following severe inhalational exposure. NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Headache may develop. Agitation and anxiety may develop in patients with significant respiratory compromise. GASTROINTESTINAL 0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Vomiting may occur following initial exposure. ACID-BASE 0.2.11.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Following severe exposure, metabolic acidosis secondary to hypoxemia may be noted. DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Dermal exposure may cause erythema, pain, irritation, and cutaneous burns. REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS o Chlorine (as hypochlorite) has been teratogenic in experimental animals. Mutations were detected using sperm morphology in mouse studies. CARCINOGENICITY 0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW o Lymphoma has been observed in relation to water treatment with chlorine. Associations with increased renal, bladder and gastric cancers have also been found but firm conclusions cannot be drawn because of mixed exposures with caustic acids. 0.2.21.3 ANIMAL OVERVIEW o Chlorine gas was not carcinogenic in mice and rats exposed to varying concentrations. Chlorine administered in drinking water produced lymphomas and/or leukemia in rats, but was not carcinogenic in a third study. GENOTOXICITY o Haloacetonitriles have produced DNA strand breaks in cultured human cells. Mutations have been detected in S typhimurium and chromosome aberrations have been detected in human lymphocytes.

Laboratory:

o Chlorine blood concentrations are not clinically useful. No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise indicated. o Monitor arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry, chest radiograph, and pulmonary function tests in patients with respiratory symptoms.

Treatment Overview:

INHALATION EXPOSURE o Rescuers should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and have protective clothing, if needed. o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols. o ADMINISTER HUMIDIFIED OXYGEN if the patient has respiratory effects. Nebulized 5% sodium bicarbonate has been anecdotally reported to result in dramatic improvement, but is not routinely recommended due to a lack of studies showing safety and efficacy. o OBTAIN BASELINE CHEST X-RAY if symptomatic. o MONITOR RESPIRATORY FUNCTION for 24 hours to assure that pulmonary edema does not develop. Pulmonary edema may be delayed. o EXAMINE MUCOUS MEMBRANES, eyes and skin to be certain that corrosive effects have not occurred. o AIRWAY MANAGEMENT - Manage airway aggressively in patients with evidence of upper airway burns or edema. o ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. o BRONCHOSPASM - treat with inhaled beta adrenergic agonists. o STEROIDS - Steroid therapy may be useful, however conclusive efficacy data is lacking. EYE EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. DERMAL EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists.

Range of Toxicity:

o In concentrations at or below the threshold limit value of 1 ppm (more than what is usually generated in home accidents) only minimal findings will occur. Immediately dangerous to life and health (NIOSH IDLH) 10 ppm. o Exposure to industrial strength chlorine gas results in more significant symptomology, including severe pulmonary irritation; pulmonary edema; skin, mucous membrane, and eye corrosion. Death may be rapid. o One or two breaths of gas accumulating above swimming pool or spa chlorinator tablets may cause marked respiratory distress and hypoxemia.

[Rumack BH: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2003; CCIS Volume 116, edition exp May, 2003. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2003; CCIS Volume 116, edition exp May, 2003.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

Call for medical aid. ... Move to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration (but NOT mouth-to-mouth). If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. ... Flush affected areas with plenty of water. Do not rub affected areas.
[Prager, J.C. Environmental Contaminant Reference Databook Volume 1. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. 450]**PEER REVIEWED**

Inhalation: remove victim from source of exposure; call a doctor; support respiration; administer oxygen. Eyes: flush with copious amounts of water for at least 15 min.
[Prager, J.C. Environmental Contaminant Reference Databook Volume 1. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. 450]**PEER REVIEWED**

For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorine and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 413]**PEER REVIEWED**

For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. ... Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Chlorine and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 413]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Toxicity Studies:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity:

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

EXPOSURE OF CATS TO CONCN OF 900 MG/CU M (300 PPM) FOR 1 HR MAY CAUSE DEATH AFTER A PERIOD DURING WHICH THE CONJUNCTIVA IS INFLAMED & THERE IS COUGHING & DYSPNEA. ... DOGS RARELY DIE FOLLOWING 30 MIN EXPOSURE TO ... (650 PPM) & NEVER TO A CONCN LESS THAN 280 PPM. RESPIRATORY RATE OF ANIMALS IS INCR DURING EXPOSURE TO ... 200 TO 1000 PPM ... /AT/ CONCN OF 10000 OR MORE PPM ... INSPIRATIONS OCCUR MORE SLOWLY & DEEPLY & ARE FINALLY ARRESTED. ... PULSE RATE OF DOGS IS RETARDED DURING EXPOSURE TO CONCN OF 180-200 PPM OR MORE.
[Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 847]**PEER REVIEWED**

IN DOGS THAT INHALED AIR CONTAINING 800 PPM CHLORINE FOR 2-7 HR, A RAPIDLY INCR ACIDOSIS OCCURRED. ... REPEATED EXPOSURE OF RABBITS TO CONCN ... FROM 2-5 MG/CU M (0.7-1.7 PPM) OVER PERIODS UP TO 9 MO CAUSED A LOSS OF WT & AN INCR INCIDENCE OF RESP DISEASE.
[Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 848]**PEER REVIEWED**

IN GUINEA PIGS THE INHALATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF CHLORINE ACCELERATES THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS ...
[Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 849]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Exposures of 6 hr daily at 100 ppm repeated for 50 days caused only slight unrest and irritation of the eyes and nose of rabbits, guinea pigs, and pigeons. ... Twenty exposures, each of 6 hr, at the concn of 33 ppm caused no harm to a monkey or to smaller animals. Repeated exposure at higher concn resulted in a loss of wt that paralleled the severity of the exposure.
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 2961]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHLORINE DISSOLVED IN WATER & INJECTED INTO ANTERIOR CHAMBERS OF /EYES OF/ RABBITS ... CAUSING SEVERE INFLAMMATION, CORNEAL OPACITY, IRIS ATROPHY, & INJURY OF LENS.
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 206]**PEER REVIEWED**

STRIPED BASS EGGS & PROLARVAE WERE EXPOSED TO INTERACTING TOTAL RESIDUAL CHLORINE, CHANGE IN TIME, & EXPOSURE TIME REPRESENTING CONDENSER ENTRAINMENT & EFFLUENT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS. PROLARVAE SHOWED GREATER MORTALITY @ ALL LEVELS & UNEQUAL TIME INTERVALS FOR 36 HR AFTER EXPOSURE.
[HALL LW JR ET AL; WATER RES 15 (7): 903-10 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LARVAL WHITE PERCH WERE SUBJECTED TO INTERACTING TOTAL RESIDUAL CHLORINE (0.00-0.30 MG/L), ELEVATED TEMP (2, 6, & 10 DEG C), & EXPOSURE TIME (0.08, 2.0, & 4.0 HR). LARVAE SHOWED GREATER MORTALITY LEVELS AT 23 DEG C THAN AT 15 DEG C AT ALL TREATMENT LEVELS, UP TO 96 HR AFTER EXPOSURE.
[HALL LW JR ET AL; J TOXICOL ENVIRON HEALTH 7 (6): 941-50 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fifteen tons of chlorine escaped from a chemical works and drifted downwind, covering 25 sq km. Cattle were most severely affected, showing dyspnea, lacrimation, profuse nasal discharge and depression, several animals dying within a day or two. Pigs showed salivation, lacrimation, coughing, vomiting and anorexia. Horses suffered from frequent urination and had cracking sounds in the lung; several were unthrifty and dyspneic 6 months later.
[Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 82]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rats were given 0, 1, 10, or 100 mg/l chlorine in drinking water. Blood glutathione was significantly decreased after 6 months of treatment and this effect persisted after 1 yr of treatment in the 10 and 100 mg/l groups. Treatment groups showed an increase in blood osmotic fragility. The acute study revealed that blood glutathione was significantly decr as early as 30 min after the admin of 30 and 120 ug chlorine. The effect was maintained up to 1 hr. However, the blood glutathione level returned to control value by 2 hr. The osmotic fragility of red blood cells was increased after an acute 15 min exposure and was without change after 30 min. The red blood cell count & hematocrit were decr in the 100 mg/l group after 3 mo of treatment. Chlorine administered chronically in drinking water for 3 mo incr the incorporation of (3)H-thymidine into nuclei of rat kidney and testes in the 100 mg/l group.
[Abdel-Rahman MS et al; J Appl Toxicol 4 (2): 82-6 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mice and rats were exposed to chlorine gas at their respective RD50 concn (approx 9-11 ppm) for 6 hr/day for 1, 3, or 5 days (The RD50 concn is that concn which reduces respiratory rate by 50%). Lesions were observed in the nasal passages of all exposed groups and were of similar severity and character in rats and mice. The most severe changes were found in the olfactory mucosa of the anterior portion of the dorsal meatus and consisted of partial to complete degeneration of olfactory sensory cells, with olfactory sustentacular cells being more resistant to chlorine exposure. Lesions in the respiratory epithelium were located primarily on the free margins of the naso- and maxilloturbinates and adjacent nasal septum. The respiratory epithelium exhibited loss of cilia and cellular exfoliation, primarily on naso- and maxilloturbinates.
[Jiang XZ et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 71 (2): 225-36 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Eurasian watermilfoil was exposed to various chlorine concn on a continuous or an intermittent basis in 96 hr toxicity studies. Continuous exposure to chlorine concn as low as 0.05 mg/l total residual chlorine depressed shoot and total plant dry wt approx 30% relative to controls. Shoot length was depressed approx 16% at this concn. Chlorophyll-a was depressed 25% at 0.1 mg/l total residual chlorine.
[Watkins CH, Hammerschlag RS; Water Res 18 (8): 1037-43 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Long term exposure of chlorine to channel catfish /(concentration not specified) was found to/ drastically reduce blood pressure and heart rate.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.79 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Low level chlorination has been found to lead to significant shifts in the species composition of marine phytoplankton communities. These shifts depend on (a) the composition of the communities at the time of stress and (b) morphological and systematic characteristics of the species, thus exhibiting different sensitivities to chlorine. Chlorine has an impact similar to that demonstrated with other pollutants: a decrease in the predominance of centric diatoms and subsequent success of pennate diatoms and micro flagellates. Very low concentrations of chlorine (0.05 - 0.15 mg/l) have caused changes in species composition.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.79 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The toxicity of total residual chlorine in freshwater environments was ... a function of the relative abundance of free residual chlorine in discharged effluents. The higher the percentage of free residual chlorine, the more toxic the effluent. Increased pH resulted in decreased total residual chlorine toxicity. ... Salinity affected the biological response to exposure to chlorine additions under marine and estuarine conditions. The toxicity of chlorinated effluents increased with increasing temperature in fresh water environments. Vertebrates and invertebrates responded differently to exposure to chlorinated effluents in both the freshwater and marine-esturine habitats. ...
[Turner A, Chu A; Environ Impact Health Eff 4 (2): 927-45 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Estuarine water was chlorinated to 10 mg/l, aged 10-35 days and then used as growth medium for three phytoplankton species, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Dunaliella species, Isochrysis galbana. Total residual chlorine compounds were undetectable in the chlorinated water; two species did not grow even after the water had been aged 35 days. A more resistant species grew in chlorinated water aged 23 or 35 days but did not grow in water aged 10 days. All three species grew well in the same water that had not been chlorinated.
[Sanders JG; Environ Sci Technol 18 (5): 383-5 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Elemental chlorine is /SRP: a general biocidal agent/ ... germicidal ... fungicidal, protozoacidal, and virucidal.
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985. 964]**PEER REVIEWED**

... COXSACKIE VIRUS A2 WAS INACTIVATED MORE SLOWLY BY CHLORINE @ PH 9 THAN AT PH 7, & MORE SLOWLY @ 3-6 DEG C THAN @ 27-29 DEG C. ... INACTIVATION RATE ALSO DEPENDED ON CONCN OF FREE CHLORINE ...
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 108]**PEER REVIEWED**

A purified prepn of the simian rotavirus SA-11 containing mostly single virion particles and a prepn of cell associated SA-11 virions were tested for their resistance to inactivation by chlorine. Both virus prepn were inactivated more rapidly at pH 6 than 10.
[Berman D, Hoff JC; Effect of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide and Monochloroamine on Rotavirus (SA-11) Inactivation (1984) EPA-600/D-84-043]**PEER REVIEWED**

The presence of carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant was indicated by papilloma development in caged bullhead catfish (Ictalurus melas), hepatic enzyme induction in exposed fish, and Ames test mutagenicity of organic extracts of wastewater. ... Mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals were not identified in the wastewater, but chlorination was implicated as a factor contributing to the induction of papillomas. The prevalence of papillomas on wild black bullheads exposed to the effluent decreased from 73 to 23% after the amount of residual chlorine in the effluent leaving the chlorine contact chamber was reduced from 1.3-3.1 mg/l to 0.25-1.2 mg/l.
[Grizzle JM et al; J Natl Cancer Inst 73 (5): 1133-42 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rats were fed ground beef which had been treated with aqueous chlorine. Results of the hematologic evaluations demonstrated almost no effects associated with the feeding of rats with chlorine treated meat for 92 days. There was a slight prolongation of the prothrombin time in all male groups fed the chlorine treated meat. This prolongation was most pronounced in the rats fed ground beef treated with 600 ppm and was significant (p< 0.05) when compared with the control males. In the absence of any other hematologic evidence, it is not possible to attribute the prolonged prothrombin time to the administration of the test compound. Prothrombin times of females did not differ significantly. The clinical chemistry and urine analysis yielded results wherein the values for the control and test rats are consistent with reported values for rats under standard laboratory conditions. On the basis of these hematologic and clinical data, there were no adverse effects on male or female rats fed ground beef treated with up to 600 ppm aqueous chlorine.
[Kotula AW et al; J Toxicol Environ Health 20: 401-9 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Studies on the acute toxic effects of chlorine on lab animals show that single exposures to concn of more than 360 mg/cu m for 30-60 min are lethal for various animal species. Single exposures to concn of 29-87 mg/cu m for several hr are associated with an incr mortality in rodents. Repeated exposures to chlorine concn of 3-26 mg/cu m for a period of several wk or months induced dose related pulmonary and other adverse effects. Chlorine does not appear to be a carcinogenic or tumor-promoting agent in lab animals.
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 227]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chlorine is considered to be phytotoxic ... acute injury of chlorine on vegetation is ... defoliation with no leaf symptoms. Single effects of chlorine on higher forms of plants incl spotting of the leaves at concn above 1.5 mg/cu m and marginal and interveinal injury of the plant at higher concn (150-300 mg/cu m). ... Chlorine does appear to retard the germination of seeds.
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 232]**PEER REVIEWED**

Life cycle tests have been conducted with two freshwater invertebrate species and one freshwater fish species. ... Two 2 week tests beginning with 16 to 24 hr old Daphnia magna /were conducted/. Flow through tests were conducted with nominal sewage concentrations of 1.2 to 20%; untreated Lake Superior water was the dilution water. The secondary sewage was chlorinated just before entering the diluter systems, and the probable predominant form of total residual chlorine was monochloramine. The total residual chlorine concentrations ranged from control to 114 ug/l in one test and control to 136 ug/l in the second. Daphnids did not survive the 2 week exposure to the three highest chlorinated effluent concentrations (14 to 114 ug/ l in the first test and 7 to 136 ug/l in the second). Daphnids that survived to adulthood reproduced successfully. In the first test, therefore, the lowest unacceptable concentration was 4 ug/l, resulting in a chronic value 7.483 ug/l for that test. The results of the second test are more difficult to interpret. At the test concentration of 7 ug/l, all daphnids died in seven days in both test chambers. At the next lower concentration of 2 ug/l, all daphnids died in one test chamber in seven days, but 50% of the daphnids in the duplicate chamber survived and reproduced successfully. Two of the four controls from both tests had survival as low as 70 percent.
[USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.7-8 (1984) EPA 440-5-84-030]**PEER REVIEWED**

The influence of different treatment processes on the mutagenic activity (Ames test) and some chemical parameters in water were investigated in a few waterworks. Application of a chlorine treatment generally increased the direct and promutagenic activity, but the extent of the increase depended on the type of water chlorinated.
[Kool HJ, Van Kreijl CF; Water Res 18 (8): 1011-6 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The chronic effects of chlorine on rhesus monkeys at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 ppm of chlorine in the environment were studied. Four monkeys per sex were assigned to each concentration group and they were exposed for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for one yr. There were no exposure related differences among groups in body weight, pulmonary diffusing capacity, distribution of ventilation, elevated neurologic parameters, electrocardiographic parameters, clinical chemistry, hematology, or urinalysis parameters. After 6 wk of high level exposure, ocular irritation was observed during the daily exposures. At the end of the exposure, conjunctival irritation was observed in the group exposed to 2.5 ppm, but there was no evidence of chronic changes in the conjunctiva nor were the corneas affected. Respiratory epithelial hyperplasia of the nasal passages of both sexes exposed to 2.5 ppm was observed in some animals: It was present only in its mildest form at lower exposure concentrations. Tracheal epithelial lesions were associated with a loss of cilia and goblet cells in the affected areas.
[Klonne DR et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol 9 (3): 557-72 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Studied the effects on lung function in rabbits given a single, 30-min exposure to a chlorine concn of 145, 290, or 580 mg/cu m (50, 100, or 200 ppm). Respiratory volumes, flow rates, pressure measurements, and pulmonary compliance were used for evaluating lung function, prior to exposure, and 30 min, 3, 14, and 60 days after exposure. Respiratory flow rates decr initially after exposure to concn of 580 or 290 mg/cu m ... but returned to normal within 60 days of exposure. Rabbits exposed to 145 mg/cu m ... did not exhibit any significant change in respiratory flow rates. A decr in pulmonary compliance was noted initially in rabbits exposed to chlorine levels of 145, 290, or 580 mg/cu m ... . During the post-exposure phase, pulmonary compliance returned to normal in rabbits exposed to 145 mg/cu m ... but there was a subsequent compensatory incr in pulmonary compliance in rabbits exposed to a chlorine concn of 290 or 580 mg/cu m ... Pathological exam of the lungs of rabbits exposed ... /at/ 580 or 290 mg/cu m ... revealed initial hemorrhage and edema, followed by chronic inflammation, which receded during the post-exposure phase. The lungs of rabbits exposed to 145 mg/cu m ... did not show the pathological changes attributed to the higher exposures ... .
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.36 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Mice exposed to chlorine in concn of 14.5 and 7.3 mg/cu m (5.0 and 2.5 ppm) for 8 hr/day for 3 consecutive days showed a loss in body weight, and microscopic exam of the lungs of mice exposed to 14.5 mg/cu m ... yielded findings similar to these following lethal or near lethal short-term exposures.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.40 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Rats were exposed to chlorine concn of 0, 2.9, 8.7, or 26 mg/cu m (0, 1, 3, or 9 ppm) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 6 wk. Some mortality occurred in female rats exposed to 26 mg/cu m ... and smaller gains in body weight were noted in females exposed to 2.9, 8.7, or 26 mg/cu m ... and in males exposed to 8.7 or 26 mg/cu m ... Clinical signs of ocular and upper respiratory tract irritation, such as lacrimation, hyperemia of the conjunctiva, and nasal discharge occurred in rats exposed to 8.7 or 26 mg/cu m ... rats exposed to 2.9 mg/cu m ... showed occasional slight indication of irritation. All groups of rats ... had urinary staining of the perineal fur, and the urinary specific gravity was elevated in females at all ... levels and in males at levels of 8.7 and 26 mg/cu m ... Pathological exam of the rats exposed ... /at/ 26 mg/cu m ... revealed inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Focal to multifocal mucopurulent inflammation of the nasal turbinates and necrotic erosions of the mucosal epithelium were observed. Inflammation and epithelial hyperplasia in the trachea and bronchiolar areas and epithelial hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts accompanied by inflammation were also observed. The alveolar sacs contained incr numbers of alveolar macrophages and secretory material. Focal necrosis, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelial cells adjacent to the alveolar ducts was found together with areas of atelectasis and interstitial inflammation in the lungs.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.42 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Long-term exposure to chlorine accelerated the evolution of tuberculosis in guinea pigs injected with a virulent strain of human tuberculosis. ... Guinea pigs were exposed to a chlorine level of 5 mg/cu m (1.69 ppm) for 5 hr/day, for 47 days prior to or after the injection. The average survival rate was lower in guinea pigs exposed to chlorine before injection with tuberculosis than in either guinea pigs exposed after injection, or in control animals, which were injected but not exposed to chlorine.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.44 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The potential cocarcinogenicity of chlorine was studied ... A benzpyrene solution was applied to the shaved skin of NMRI mice twice/wk for 10 wk, with a total dose per animal of 750 ug or 1500 ug benzpyrene applied ... Some groups were also treated with a 1% solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), applied either before, during, or after the benzpyrene treatment. After 128 wk of observation, it appeared that pre-treatment with the chlorine solution retarded tumor development and markedly reduced total tumor rates in the groups give either 750 or 1500 ug of benzpyrene. Treatment with the chlorine solution after application of benzpyrene also retarded tumor development in the group give 750 ug of benzpyrene. The number of carcinomas was reduced by about 40% by the chlorine solution applications, independent of the method of treatment or the dose of benzpyrene.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.45 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Values:

LC50 MOUSE INHALATION 137 PPM/1 HR
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Rat male 299 (260-344) ppm/1 hr
[Vernot EH et al; Toxicol and Appl Pharm 42: 417-23 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Under Haber's Rule: C x t = 7500 for chlorine gas on cats /where the amount (C) present in one cubic meter of air is expressed in mg and multiplied by the time (t) in minutes necessary for the experimental animal inhaling this air to obtain a lethal effect/.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology Volume 1. General Principles. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 53]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 mouse 368 mg/cu m/30 min (95% C.I., 307-441 mg/cu m)
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.39 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ecotoxicity Values:

LC50 DAPHNIA MAGNA (WATER FLEA) 0.097 MG/L/30 MIN /CONDITIONS OF BIOASSAY NOT SPECIFIED/
[MATTICE JS ET AL; WATER RES 15 (7): 923-8 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 DAPHNIA MAGNA (WATER FLEA) 0.063 MG/L/60 MIN /CONDITIONS OF BIOASSAY NOT SPECIFIED/
[MATTICE JS ET AL; WATER RES 15 (7): 923-8 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 GAMBUSIA AFFINIS 1.59 MG/L/30 MIN /CONDITIONS OF BIOASSAY NOT SPECIFIED/
[MATTICE JS ET AL; WATER RES 15 (7): 923-8 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 GAMBUSIA AFFINIS 0.84 MG/L/60 MIN /CONDITIONS OF BIOASSAY NOT SPECIFIED/
[MATTICE JS ET AL; WATER RES 15 (7): 923-8 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TLm Grass shrimp 0.22 mg/l/96 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.78 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TLm Ocean spot 0.14 mg/l/24 hr; toxic effect: stress. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.77 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Daphnia magna (water flea) 0.017 mg/l/46 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon) 208 ug/l/1 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.77 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC100 Larval clam 0.5 mg/l/100 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TL50 Keratella cochlearis 0.019 mg/l/4 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Daphnia pulex 0.49 mg/l/96 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Yellow perch 0.88 mg/l/1 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) 0.74 mg/l/1 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TLm Salmo gairdnerii (rainbow trout) 0.08 mg/l/168 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TLm Carassius auratus (goldfish) 0.17 mg/l/24 hr, intermittent chlorination, at 17-25.5 deg C. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish) 0.44 mg/l/96 hr, intermittent chlorination at 15 deg C, toxic effect: distress. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TL50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.1 mg/l/96 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) (fingerling) 0.07 mg/l/96 hr toxic effect: gill sodium uptake drastically impaired. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Emerald shiner (yearling) 0.23 mg/l/30 min test performed using Lake Superior water at 25 deg C. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Emerald shiner (adult) 0.28 mg/l/30 min; test performed using Lake Superior water at 25 deg C. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.75 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) 3.0 mg/l/24 hr; toxic effect: 28% killed. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Carp 0.15 - 0.2 mg/l/12-16 days, toxic effect: 25% killed. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism/Metabolites:

Chlorine persists as an element only at a very low pH (less than 2), and at the higher pH found in living tissue it is rapidly converted into hypochlorous acid. In this form, it apparently can penetrate the cell and form N-chloro-derivatives that can damage cellular integrity.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.46 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:

Chlorine gas is found to accumulate in the leaves of plants; entering via the stomata.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.80 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mechanism of Action:

Hypochlorous acid ... reacts with sulfhydryl groups in cysteine. /Hypochlorous acid/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.46 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hypochlorous acid ... inhibits ... aldolase enzyme essential for glucose oxidation in Escherichia coli. /Hypochlorous acid/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.46 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chlorine, as chlorine gas, chlorite ion, and hypochlorite, is a strong oxidant that readily reacts with organic molecules to produce a variety of chlorinated compounds. This reactivity in biological systems makes it difficult to study the pharmacokinetics of chlorine and to separate the effects of chlorine from those of the chlorine compounds and metabolites.
[USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.29 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... In microbial test systems, chlorine can ... disrupt cell wall permeability, ... /causing/ edema and acute tissue injury.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.46 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The labile intermediates and stable end products formed by the reaction of aqueous hypochlorous acid with thymine, uracil, and various uracil derivatives were identified. ... The purine ring was more resistant to attack, but parabanic acid resulted from the reaction of aqueous hypochlorite with guanine, adenine, or xanthine for one week. ... /Hypochlorous acid/
[Hoyano Y et al; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 53 (4): 1195-9 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent that forms both hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid on contact with moist mucous membranes. The former cmpd decomposes into hypochloric acid and oxygen free radicals (.O2-). Damage results from the disruption of cellular proteins. These agents combine with sulfhydryl groups and disulfur bonds and form stable hydrates of organic chlorine.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 878]**PEER REVIEWED**

Interactions:

An additive effect due to smoking in workers exposed to chlorine was observed by comparing maximal mid-expiratory flow values in smokers and non-smokers. A significant decr of mid-expiratory flow was established in exposed smokers in comparison with non-smokers, and in both groups in comparison with workers without chlorine exposure.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 2071]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chlorine-nickel temperature interactions were studied in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Mortality in chlorine-nickel test groups was significantly greater than predicted by an additive interaction. Chlorine-nickel treatment groups with high chlorine concentrations regardless of the level of nickel showed greater percentage mortality than treatment groups with either nickel or chlorine alone. When chlorine and nickel were combined, the chlorine concentration was the key factor in determining mortality, even at sublethal levels of chlorine, for the concentrations tested. Temperature did not influence toxicity as strongly as either chlorine or nickel concentrations. The presence of 0.018 ppm total residual chlorine significantly increased nickel accumulation in tissues from fish exposed to chlorine and nickel, when compared with tissue samples from fish under similar exposure conditions in the absence of chlorine. The increased nickel concentration may be attributed to an increase in the permeability of the gill to nickel during chlorine exposures.
[Anderson DR; Water Chlorination: Environ Impact Health Eff 4 (2): 811-26 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pharmacology:

Interactions:

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Artificial Pollution Sources:

The most important manmade emissions of chlorine are from processes involving the production, transportation, and use of chlorine ...
[Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988. 225]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate:

Aquatic Fate: The stability of free chlorine in natural water is very low because it is a strong oxidizing agent and rapidly oxidizes inorganic compounds. It also oxidizes organic compounds, but more slowly than inorganic compounds.
[Johnson JD; Water Chlorination: Envir Impact and Health Effects 1: 37-63 (1978) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.18 (1981) EPA 440/3-78-005]**PEER REVIEWED**

AQUATIC FATE: ... CHLORINE REACTS WITH ORGANIC PRECURSORS THAT ARE FOUND IN MANY SOURCE WATERS TO PRODUCE A POTENTIAL CARCINOGEN, /SUCH AS/ CHLOROFORM (CHCL3).
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 144]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Abiotic Degradation:

Chlorination studies conducted on natural and artificial seawater, have shown two phases of chlorine losses in seawater: a rapid initial loss followed by a continuous loss at a sharply reduced rate. The initial loss reaches a saturation level that varies widely between natural seawater samples and appears to be related to a true organic demand. Losses continue over 10 day periods and are pronounced in seawater containing bromine. Other studies have indicated that the loss of chlorine is associated with the bromide chemical system in seawater. The fate of the lost chlorine was not determined.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.81 (1981)]**QC REVIEWED**

Environmental Bioconcentration:

Chlorine is highly toxic to all forms of aquatic life, there is no potential for bioaccumulation or bioconcentration.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.1 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Water Concentrations:

Finished water from different USA cities chlorine levels: Cincinnati, 2.7 mg/l; Miami, 2.3 mg/l; Ottumwa, 1.4 mg/l; Philadelphia, 2.0 mg/l and Seattle, 0.0 mg/l.
[USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.25 (1981) EPA 450/3-78-005]**QC REVIEWED**

The National Organics Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) tested 80 water supplies throughout the United States, of which 20% were ground water, 33% were lakes & reservoirs, and 47% were rivers. 99% of the utilities used chlorination somewhere in their treatment system. Sixty facilities practiced raw water chlorination; of these sites, 86% applied chlorine at a range of 1-6 mg/l with 34% at 0-2 mg/l, 26% at 2-4 mg/l and 26% at 4-6 mg/l. Free residual levels were 0-0.4 mg/l for 41%; 0.4-0.8 mg/l for 19%, 0.2-0.8 mg/l for 4% and 1.2-1.6 mg/l for 20% of the 80 locations. Combined residual levels of 0-0.4 mg/l accounted for 60% of the locations, 0.4-0.8 mg/l accounted for 20% of the sites and remaining sites had levels from 0.8-2.8 mg/l.
[USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.24 (1981) EPA 450/3-78-005]**QC REVIEWED**

Chlorine application in water treatment facilities serving 19 Massachusetts communities ranged from a minimum of 4.3 mg/l to a maximum of 29.7 mg/l with a mean of 15.2 + or - 7.44 mg/l. These treatment levels produced finished water with a free residual chlorine levels at a mean of 1.3 mg/l; the minimum was 0.3 mg/l and the maximum was 4.0 mg/l. Maximum total residual chlorine amounted to 6.0 mg/l, with a minimum of 0.4 mg/l and a mean of 1.5 mg/l. Levels in the distribution system ranged from 0.0-2.0 mg/l for free residual chlorine and from 0.0-2.5 mg/l for total residual chlorine.
[USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.24 (1981) EPA 450/3-78-005]**QC REVIEWED**

Atmospheric Concentrations:

Mean ambient air levels /have been reported/ between 1 and 3.7 mg/cu m (0.344 and 1.27 ppm).
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 21: Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride p.31 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Atmospheric levels of approximately 0.001 ppm (2.9 ug/cu m) have been measured from coastal areas, and ambient levels in metropolitan areas such as Cincinnati or Baltimore average 0.02 ppm (58.0 ug/cu m).
[USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.27 (1978) EPA 450/3-78-005]**QC REVIEWED**

Environmental Standards & Regulations:

CERCLA Reportable Quantities:

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Chlorine is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.
[40 CFR 355 (7/1/97)]**QC REVIEWED**

Atmospheric Standards:

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chlorine is included on this list.
[Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990]**QC REVIEWED**

Clean Water Act Requirements:

Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.
[40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/88)]**QC REVIEWED**

The ambient water quality criterion for chlorine based on a daily water consumption of 2 l to protect human health is recommended to be 10.0 mg/l.
[USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.58 (1981) EPA 450/3-78-005]**QC REVIEWED**

Freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if the 4 day average concn of total residual chlorine does not exceed 11 ug/l more than once every 3 years on the average concn does not exceed 19 ug/l more than once every 3 years on the average.
[USEPA/OWRS; Quality Criteria for Water 1986 Chlorine (1986) EPA 440/5-86-001]**QC REVIEWED**

Saltwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if the 4 day average concn of chlorine produced oxidants does not exceed 7.5 ug/l more than once every 3 years on the average and if the 1 hr average concn does not exceed 13 ug/l more than once every 3 years on the average.
[USEPA/OWRS; Quality Criteria for Water 1986 Chlorine (1986) EPA 440/5-86-001]**QC REVIEWED**

Federal Drinking Water Standards:

EPA 4000 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**

Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:

EPA 4000 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**

Allowable Tolerances:

Chlorine gas is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used preharvest or postharvest in solution on all raw agricultural commodities.
[40 CFR 180.1095 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

Cl2
**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight:

70.906
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 4-51]**PEER REVIEWED**

Color/Form:

GREENISH-YELLOW, DIATOMIC GAS
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Greenish-yellow gas ... (Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas).
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 58]**QC REVIEWED**

Odor:

SUFFOCATING
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pungent, irritating
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 259]**PEER REVIEWED**

Boiling Point:

-34.04 DEG C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 4-51]**PEER REVIEWED**

Melting Point:

-105.5 DEG C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 4-51]**PEER REVIEWED**

Corrosivity:

CHLORINE WILL ATTACK SOME FORMS OF PLASTICS, RUBBER, AND COATINGS.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Critical Temperature & Pressure:

CRITICAL TEMP: 144 DEG C; CRITICAL PRESSURE: 76.1 ATM
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity:

(LIQUID) 1.5649 @ -35 DEG C, 0.9949 ATM; 1.4085 @ 20 DEG C, 6.864 ATM
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solubilities:

310 CC/100 CC WATER @ 10 DEG C
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-84]**PEER REVIEWED**

1.46 G/100 CC WATER @ 0 DEG C
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-84]**PEER REVIEWED**

177 CC/100 CC WATER @ 30 DEG C
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-84]**PEER REVIEWED**

0.57 G/100 CC WATER @ 30 DEG C
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-84]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOL IN ALKALI
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-84]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sol in chlorides and alcohols /Liquid/
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 259]**PEER REVIEWED**

Soluble in water at 25 deg C, more soluble in alkalies
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Spectral Properties:

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.0008 (GAS); 1.367 (LIQ)
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-84]**PEER REVIEWED**

Surface Tension:

18.4 dynes/cm @ 20 deg C in contact with vapor
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. F-35]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Density:

2.5 (air= 1 at boiling point of chlorine)
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Pressure:

5.83X10+3 mm Hg @ 25 deg C /from experimentally derived coefficients/
[Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

DISSOCIATION ENERGY (25 DEG C)= 57.978 KCAL; NATURAL ISOTOPES: 35 (75.53%); 37 (24.47%); HEAT CAPACITY (GAS, 25 DEG C) 8.11 CAL/MOLE/DEG C; ACTS AS ELECTRON-ACCEPTOR IN FORMING COMPLEXES WITH MANY DONOR SPECIES; COMBINES READILY WITH ALL ELEMENTS EXCEPT THE RARE GASES (XENON EXCLUDED) & NITROGEN
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of fusion: 1531 cal/gmole; 22.8 cal/g
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-224]**PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of formation: 121.3 kJ/mole at 25 deg C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 5-9]**PEER REVIEWED**

Liquefaction pressure: 7.86 atm @ 25 deg C & 1 atm at -35 deg C; Critical vol: 1.763 l/kg; strongly electronegative; 1 l of liq= 456.8 l of gas @ 0 deg C and 1 atm
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 259]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.325
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chlorine weighs 13 lb/gal
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 234]**PEER REVIEWED**

Diffusivity: 1.44x10-5 sq cm/s in water at 25 deg C (calculated).
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.4 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Saturation concentration: 882.3 g/cu m at -7 deg C.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.4 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Heat capacity: constant pressure (cp): 0.473 kj/kg deg C; constant volume (cv): 0.348 kj/kg deg C.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.4 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dielectric constant (gas): 1.0005480 at 101.325 kPa @ 20 deg C; dielectric constant (liquid): 1.454 @ 70.15 K
[Braker W, Mossman A; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th ED p.522 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Critical volume: 3.216 cu dm/kg
[Braker W, Mossman A; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th ED p.522 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Critical density: 0.311 kg/cu m
[Braker W, Mossman A; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th ED p.522 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

One l of liquid chlorine produces 434 l of chlorine gas at 25 deg C
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 878]**PEER REVIEWED**

Saturated vapor pressure: 74.040 lb/sq inch at 50 deg F
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Saturated vapor density: 0.95960 lb/cu ft at 50 deg F
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ideal gas heat capacity: 0.114 btu/lb-deg F at 75 deg F
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Diffusion coefficient: 0.033 sq m/hr (calculated)
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 1(78) 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ionization potential: 11.48 eV
[NIOSH. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 2nd Printing. DHHS (NIOSH) Publ. No. 85-114. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, NIOSH/Supt. of Documents, GPO, February 1987.74]**PEER REVIEWED**

RHOMBIC CRYSTALS /TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS NOT GIVEN/
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-84]**PEER REVIEWED**

Amber liquid /Temperature and pressure conditions not given/
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 259]**PEER REVIEWED**

Viscosity: 0.385 cp at 0 deg C /Chlorine, liquid/
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. F-42]**PEER REVIEWED**

5 atm @ 10.3 deg C
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. D-196]**PEER REVIEWED**

Acts as electron-acceptor in forming complexes with many donor species: Bent, Chem Rev 68, 587 (1968); forms explosive mixtures with hydrogen; many finely divided metals will burn in an atmosphere of chlorine; oxides are strong oxidizing agents and explosive; monatomic chlorine is unstable under ordinary conditions, however, it can be formed as a result of thermal or optical dissociation, by an electrical discharge, or as an intermediate during chemical reactions
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Safety & Handling:

DOT Emergency Guidelines:

Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-124]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire or explosion: Substance does not burn but will support combustion. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. These are strong oxidizers and will react vigorously or explosively with many materials including fuels. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Some will react violently with air, moist air and/or water. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-124]**QC REVIEWED**

Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-124]**QC REVIEWED**

Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-124]**QC REVIEWED**

Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-124]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire: Small Fires: Water only; no dry chemical, CO2 or Halon. Contain fire and let burn. If fire must be fought, water spray or fog is recommended. Do not get water inside containers. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists. Fire involving Tanks: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible withdraw from area and let fire burn.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-124]**QC REVIEWED**

Spill or leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. Ventilate the area.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-124]**QC REVIEWED**

First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Keep victim under observation. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-124]**QC REVIEWED**

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances: Small Spills (from a small package or small leak from a large package): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 30 meters (100 feet); then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles) and NIGHT 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles). LARGE SPILLS (from a large package or from many small packages): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 275 meters (900 feet); then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 2.7 kilometers (1.7 miles) and NIGHT 6.8 kilometers (4.2 miles).
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. TABLE]**QC REVIEWED**

Odor Threshold:

Water odor threshold: 0.0020 mg/l. Air odor threshold: 0.31 ppm. Odor Safety Class: C. C= Odor safety factor from 1-26. Less than 50% of distracted persons perceive warning of threshold limit value.
[Amoore JE, Hautala E; J Appl Toxicol 3 (6): 272-90 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Low odor threshold= 0.0300 mg/cu m. High odor threshold= 15.0000 mg/cu m. Irritating concn= 9.00 mg/cu m.
[Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

... Highly irritating especially to the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract.
[USEPA; Subst Risk Notice, 8EHQ-1182-0466 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Potential:

MOST COMBUSTIBLES WILL BURN IN CHLORINE, FORMING IRRITATING AND TOXIC GASES. CYLINDERS MAY VENT RAPIDLY OR EXPLODE WHEN HEATED. FLAME IMPINGEMENT UPON STEEL CHLORINE CONTAINER WILL RESULT IN IRON/CHLORINE FIRE CAUSING RUPTURE OF THE CONTAINER.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 49-36]**QC REVIEWED**

Nonflammable ...
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 217]**PEER REVIEWED**

NFPA Hazard Classification:

Health: 4. 4= Materials that, on very short exposure, could cause death or major residual injury, including those that are too dangerous to be approached without specialized protective equipment. A few whiffs of the vapor or gas can cause death, or contact with the vapor or liquid may be fatal, if it penetrates the fire fighter's normal protective gear. The normal full protective clothing and breathing apparatus available to the typical fire fighter will not provide adequate protection against inhalation or skin contact with these materials.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 325-8]**QC REVIEWED**

Flammability: 0. 0= Any material that will not burn.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 49-36]**QC REVIEWED**

Reactivity: 0. 0= Includes materials that are normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 49-36]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire Fighting Procedures:

USE WATER SPRAY TO KEEP FIRE EXPOSED CONTAINERS COOL. EXTINGUISH FIRE USING AGENT SUITABLE FOR SURROUNDING FIRE.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 49-36]**QC REVIEWED**

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use water spray to knock down vapors.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 234157]**PEER REVIEWED**

Respiratory protection for chlorine ... /during/ fire fighting: self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.5]**PEER REVIEWED**

Not flammable. May cause fire on contact with combustibles. Poisonous gases are produced in fires. Stop flow of gas if possible. Cool exposed containers and protect men effecting shutoff with water. Wear Goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, and rubber overclothing (including gloves).
[Prager, J.C. Environmental Contaminant Reference Databook Volume 1. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. 450]**PEER REVIEWED**

Toxic Combustion Products:

... WHEN HEATED, IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 674]**PEER REVIEWED**

Firefighting Hazards:

May combine with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrochloric acid.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Chlorine (Draft) p.1 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:

Antimony burns spontaneously in gaseous chlorine; with liquid chlorine, antimony ignites at 33 deg C.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-23]**QC REVIEWED**

Arsenic burns spontaneously in gaseous chlorine; with liquid chlorine, arsenic ignites at 33 deg C.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-24]**QC REVIEWED**

Arsenic disulfide ignites (in a rapid stream) in chlorine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-50]**QC REVIEWED**

When chlorine is bubbled into arsine, each bubble produces a flame.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Powdered bismuth burns spontaneously in gaseous chlorine; with liquid chlorine, bismuth ignites at 80 deg C.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-30]**QC REVIEWED**

Boron burns spontaneously in gaseous chlorine. Boron ignites in chlorine at 410 deg C.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-31]**QC REVIEWED**

Boron trisulfide ignites in chlorine, even if cold.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Finely divided calcium burns spontaneously in chlorine. Solid calcium burns spontaneously in chlorine at elevated temperatures.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-40]**QC REVIEWED**

When moist chlorine was passed over calcium carbide and potassium hydroxide, a solution of 58% dichloroacetylene was /produced and/ collected in ether. The solution burned spontaneously and filled the laboratory with phosgene.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-71]**QC REVIEWED**

Calcium nitride reacts in the cold with chlorine, with incandescence.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Mixtures of chlorine and calcium phosphide react readily at about 100 deg C.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

The mixture of /carbon and chlorine/ spontaneously ignites in the dry state.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Cesium acetylene carbide burns in cold chlorine ...
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Unless precautions are taken, the reaction of chlorine with alkylphosphines or dialkylphosphines is a vigorous decomposing reaction.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-50]**QC REVIEWED**

Diethyl zinc is spontaneously flammable in ... chlorine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Hydrazine ignites in contact with chlorine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Hydroxylamine is spontaneously flammable in chlorine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

The reaction between liquid chlorine and iodine is violent.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Iron carbide burns in chlorine below 100 deg C with incandescence ...
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Magnesium phosphide burns brilliantly when heated in chlorine ... vapors.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Manganese ... /ditritaphosphide/ ignites when gently heated in chlorine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Chlorine reacts rapidly at room temperature with both mercuric oxide and silver oxide.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Mercuric sulfide burns in chlorine with incandescence.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

The polymer of oxomonosilane ignites in ... chlorine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

The reaction of phosphorus isocyanate and chlorine is vigorous, forming a yellow oil.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

When phosphorus oxide is thrown into a jar of chlorine vapor, it ignites instantly.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Liquid chlorine reacts exothermically with polychlorinated biphenyl heat transfer liquid.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Potassium acetylene carbide ignites spontaneously in cold chlorine, forming hydrogen chloride plus carbon.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Potassium hydride burns in fluorine or chlorine spontaneously.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Silicon hydride ignites in a chlorine atmosphere.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Sodium carbide burns in chlorine gas.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Sodium hydride is spontaneously flammable in ... chlorine when moisture is present.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

The reaction of chlorine and stannous fluoride occurs with flaming.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Mixtures of ... /strontium phosphide and chlorine/ ignite at about 30 deg C.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Warm chlorine attacks with tellurium with incandescence.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Tetramethyl diarsine is spontaneously flammable in chlorine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

When tungsten dioxide is heated in chlorine, the reaction occurs with incandescence.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-53]**QC REVIEWED**

Zinc burns in moist chlorine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-206]**QC REVIEWED**

REACTS WITH ORGANIC MATERIALS, ACTIVE METALS, REDUCING AGENTS, AND AMMONIA. REACTS WITH WATER TO FORM CORROSIVE, ACIDIC SOLUTIONS. ... ISOLATE FROM ACETYLENE, AMMONIA, HYDROCARBONS, HYDROGEN, ETHER, TURPENTINE, AND FINELY DIVIDED METALS.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 49-36]**QC REVIEWED**

When ether is poured into chlorine gas, an explosion results.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Reaction of fluorine and chlorine is accompanied by flames. In the presence of a spark, a violent explosion occurs.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

A mixture of hydrogen and chlorine is exploded by almost any form of energy (heat, sunlight, sparks etc). Explosive range: 5-95%.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Powdered vanadium explodes with chlorine even at 0 deg C.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-54]**QC REVIEWED**

Liquid chlorine reacts explosively with polypropylene, drawing wax, polydimethylsiloxane, dibutyl phthalate, glycerol, and linseed oil.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Diborane explodes in contact with chlorine at ordinary temperatures.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

The reaction of chlorine and methane is explosive at room temperature over yellow mercuric oxide.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Ethylene reacts explosively with chlorine in sunlight or ultraviolet light. The reaction of chlorine and ethylene is explosive at room temperature over yellow mercuric oxide, mercurous oxide, or silver oxide.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

A mixture of ethylphosphine and chlorine explodes.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

When liquid chlorine was added to carbon disulfide in an iron cylinder, the iron catalyzed an explosive reaction.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Mixtures of chlorine and bromine pentafluoride explode on heating.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

The reaction of chlorine and a dilute solution of calcium chlorite evolves explosive chlorine dioxide.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-51]**QC REVIEWED**

Ethyleneimine plus chlorine forms an explosive compound, 1-chloroethyleneimine.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Combines with moisture to form HCl.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 718]**PEER REVIEWED**

An explosion occurred during the chlorination of S-ethylisothiourea sulfate and formamidine thiolacetic acid-hydrochloric acid. Formation of spontaneously explosive nitrogen trichloride was the suggested cause.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-52]**QC REVIEWED**

Reacts explosively or forms explosive compounds with many common substances such as acetylene, ether, turpentine, ammonia, fuel gas, hydrogen & finely divided metals.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 58]**QC REVIEWED**

With cobalt (II) chloride and methanol: During the preparation of cis-dichlorobis(2,2'-bipyridyl)cobalt(III) chloride ... passage of chlorine into an ice cold solution of cobalt chloride, bipyridyl and lithium chloride in methanol soon caused an explosion followed by the ignition of the methanol inside the reaction vessel.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 998]**PEER REVIEWED**

With aluminum: Corrosive failure of a vaporizer used in manufacture of aluminum chloride caused liquid chlorine to contact molten aluminum. A series of explosions occurred.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 995]**PEER REVIEWED**

With amidosulfuric acid: Chlorination of aq sulfamic acid led to an explosion from formation of nitrogen trichloride.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 996]**PEER REVIEWED**

With butyl rubber and naphtha: Chlorination of butyl rubber in naphtha with chlorine-nitrogen mixtures may lead to explosion if nitrogen contents below 77% or chlorine contents above 16% are used.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 996]**PEER REVIEWED**

With chlorinated pyridine and iron powder: An explosion occurred during the preparation of iron(III) chloride from iron powder and chlorine gas in a chlorinated pyridine solvent. This was attributed to formation of iron(II) chloride, its interaction with the solvent to give iron(III) chloride, then reduction of the latter by iron to iron(II) chloride. The exotherm and incr evolution of hydrogen chloride caused the reactor to fail.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 997]**PEER REVIEWED**

With dimethyl phosphoramidate: In a 1.5 g mol preparation of dimethyl N,N-dichlorophosphoramidate by chlorination of the ester, a violent explosion occurred during the period of stirring after the reaction.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 999]**PEER REVIEWED**

With non-metals: Liquid chlorine at -34 deg C explodes with white phosphorus, and a solution in heptane at 0 deg C ignites red phosphorus. Boron, active carbon, silicon and phosphorus all ignite in contact with gaseous chlorine at ambient temp. Arsenic incandesces on contact with liquid chlorine at -34 deg C, and the powder ignited when sprinkled into the gas at ambient temp. Tellurium must be warmed slightly before incandescence occurs.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1005]**PEER REVIEWED**

With silicones: Silicone process oils mixed with liquid chlorine confined in a stainless steel bomb reacted explosively on heating; polydimethylsiloxane at 88-118 deg C, and polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane at 68-114 deg C. Previously, leakage of a silicone pump oil into a liq chlorine feed system had caused rupture of a stainless steel ball valve under a pressure surge of about 2 kbar.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1006]**PEER REVIEWED**

With sodium hydroxide: Attempted disposal of a small amt of liq chlorine by pouring it into 20% sodium hydroxide soln caused a violent reaction leading to personal contamination.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1006]**PEER REVIEWED**

With tert-butanol: Rate of admission of chlorine into the alcohol during the preparation of tert-butyl hypochlorite must be regulated to keep temperature below 20 deg C to prevent explosion.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 996]**PEER REVIEWED**

With 3-chloropropyne: A vigorous explosion during chlorination of 3-chloropropyne in benzene at 0 deg C over 4 hours was attributed to the presence of excess chlorine arising from the slow rate of reaction at low temperature.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 997]**PEER REVIEWED**

With phosphorus compounds: Boronidiiodophosphide, phosphine, phosphorus trioxide and trimercury tetraphosphide all ignite in contact with chlorine at ambient temp. Trimagnesium diphosphide and trimanganese diphosphide ignite in warm phosphide incandesces in chlorine.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1006]**PEER REVIEWED**

Copper foil burns spontaneously in gaseous chlorine. Copper reacts vigorously with chl