HYDROGEN
CASRN: 1333-74-0

Human Health Effects:

See Occupational Exposure Standards

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

NO SPECIFIC TOXIC ACTION. IN HIGH CONCN CAN ACT AS A SIMPLE ASPHYXIANT.
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 695]**PEER REVIEWED**

Contact with liquid will cause frostbite or severe burns of the skin. Simple asphyxiant.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-76]**QC REVIEWED**

The relation between the /CNS depressant/ effect of nitrogen and that of hydrogen is 1:0.26.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1087]**PEER REVIEWED**

HYDROGEN HAS NO KNOWN TOXIC EFFECT ON THE EYE.
[Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974. 559]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment:

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The following Overview, *** ASPHYXIANTS, SIMPLE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:
   o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures
       have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
  0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
   0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  Simple asphyxiants displace oxygen from the breathing
         atmosphere primarily in enclosed spaces and result in
         hypoxia. Four stages are described, depending on the
         arterial oxygen saturation.
      1)  INDIFFERENT STAGE -
       1.  %O2 Saturation: 90%
       2.  Night vision: decreased
      2)  COMPENSATORY STAGE -
       1.  %O2 Saturation: 82 to 90%
       2.  Respiratory rate: compensatory increase
       3.  Pulse: compensatory increase
       4.  Night vision: decreased further
       5.  Performance ability: somewhat reduced
       6.  Alertness: somewhat reduced
       7.  Symptoms may begin in those with significant
           pre-existing cardiac, pulmonary, or hematologic
           diseases
      3)  DISTURBANCE STAGE -
       1.  %O2 Saturation: 64 to 82%
       2.  Compensatory mechanisms become inadequate
       3.  Air hunger
       4.  Fatigue
       5.  Tunnel Vision
       6.  Dizziness
       7.  Headache
       8.  Belligerence
       9.  Euphoria
       10. Visual acuity: reduced
       11. Numbness and tingling of extremities
       12. Hyperventilation
       13. Poor judgement
       14. Memory loss
       15. Cyanosis
       16. Decreased ability for escape from toxic environment
      4)  CRITICAL STAGE -
       1.  %O2 Saturation: 60 to 70% or less
       2.  Deterioration in judgement and coordination may occur
           in 3 to 5 minutes or less
       3.  Total incapacitation and unconsciousness follow
           rapidly
     B)  All early effects may decrease ability for self-rescue
         from the toxic environment.
     C)  Some agents causing asphyxia are stored and transported
         in compressed or liquid form and can cause frostbite on
         direct skin contact.
  0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS
  0.2.4 HEENT
   0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  Decreases in night vision, visual acuity, and visual
         fields (tunnel vision) may occur.
     B)  Frothy mucous may be seen.
  0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
   0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  An increased pulse rate may occur.
     B)  Cardiac manifestations of prolonged or severe hypoxia
         may include atrial or ventricular dysrhythmias,
         hypotension, myocardial ischemia, myocardial
         infarction, and eventual asystole.
     C)  "Sudden sniffing death", or cardiac arrest, is reported
         following intentional inhalation of hydrocarbons.
  0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
   0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  Hyperventilation may develop.
     B)  Cyanosis may occur.
     C)  Bronchoconstriction and respiratory depression may be
         seen.
     D)  Pulmonary edema and lung congestion may occur.
  0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
   0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  Various disturbances including headache, dizziness,
         mood disturbances, numbness of the extremities,
         sleepiness, mental confusion, poor judgement and
         coordination, and memory loss may occur.
     B)  Prolonged or severe hypoxia results in unconsciousness.
     C)  Prolonged asphyxia may produce CNS injury.
     D)  Hemiparesis has been reported with volatile substance
         abuse.
     E)  Cerebral edema with brainstem herniation may occur.
     F)  Seizures have been reported following intentional
         inhalation.
  0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
   0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  Nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage may
         develop.
  0.2.11 ACID-BASE
   0.2.11.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  Hypercapnia may be seen.
  0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
   0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  Dermal exposure may cause frostbite injury. Severe
         tissue burns have been reported.
  0.2.15 MUSCULOSKELETAL
   0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     A)  Rhabdomyolysis and seizures have been reported.
  0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
    A)  Possible sequelae of oxygen deprivation in the unborn
        are controversial. Cerebral palsy, previously thought to
        be due to acute hypoxia during labor and/or childbirth,
        remains poorly understood.
  0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
   0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY
     A)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-86-2 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     B)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-37-1 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     C)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS106-97-8 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     D)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS124-38-9 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     E)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-84-0 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     F)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-85-1 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  IARC Classification
       a)  Listed as: Ethylene
       b)  Carcinogen Rating: 3
        1)  The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not
            classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
            This category is used most commonly for agents,
            mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the
            evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans
            and inadequate or limited in experimental animals.
            Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the
            evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans
            but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed
            in this category when there is strong evidence that
            the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental
            animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures
            and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any
            other group are also placed in this category.
     G)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-59-7 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     H)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1333-74-0 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     I)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-82-8 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     J)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-01-9 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     K)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7727-37-9 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     L)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-98-6 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  Not Listed
     M)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS115-07-1 (IARC,
         2004):
      1)  IARC Classification
       a)  Listed as: Propylene
       b)  Carcinogen Rating: 3
        1)  The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not
            classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
            This category is used most commonly for agents,
            mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the
            evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans
            and inadequate or limited in experimental animals.
            Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the
            evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans
            but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed
            in this category when there is strong evidence that
            the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental
            animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures
            and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any
            other group are also placed in this category.
  0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY
    A)  Refer to reviews on individual simple asphyxiants for
        available genetic toxicity data.
Laboratory:
   A)  Arterial blood gases are useful to assess the degree of
       hypoxemia.
Treatment Overview:
  0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A)  Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with
        assisted ventilation as required.
    B)  If hypoxia has been severe or prolonged, carefully
        evaluate for neurologic sequelae and provide supportive
        treatment as indicated.
    C)  ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation
        and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse
        oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical
        ventilation may be needed.
    D)  SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine IV; DIAZEPAM
        (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg, repeat every 10 to 15 min as needed.
        CHILD: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg, repeat every 5 min as needed)
        or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg; CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1
        mg/kg).
     1)  Consider phenobarbital if seizures recur after diazepam
         30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children > 5 years).
     2)  Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory
         depression, and need for endotracheal intubation.
         Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances,
         hypoxia.
    E)  RHABDOMYOLYSIS: Administer sufficient 0.9% saline to
        maintain urine output of 2 to 3 mL/kg/hr. Monitor input
        and output, serum electrolytes, CK, and renal function.
        Diuretics may be necessary to maintain urine output.
        Urinary alkalinization is NOT routinely recommended.
  0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE
    A)  DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
        amounts of room temperature water for at least 15
        minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
        photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a
        health care facility.
  0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A)  OVERVIEW
     1)  Rewarming and a variety of topical treatments are
         indicated for frostbite injury. SEE MAIN SECTION FOR
         MORE INFORMATION.
Range of Toxicity:
   A)  Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when the
       atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 6 to 8% or
       less.
   B)  Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen
       is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15 to
       16% or less.
   C)  At increasing altitudes the decreasing atmospheric
       pressure decreases the partial pressure of oxygen,
       decreasing the molecules of oxygen available in
       stipulated percentages.

[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2004; CCIS Volume 122, edition expires Nov, 2004. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2004; CCIS Volume 122, edition expires Nov, 2004.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Toxicity Studies:

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

A LARGE BUBBLE OF THE GAS INJECTED INTO ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF RABBIT EYES WAS ABSORBED WITHIN THREE DAYS & CAUSED NO INJURY.
[Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974. 559]**PEER REVIEWED**

Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Pharmacology:

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Natural Pollution Sources:

HYDROGEN OCCURS CHIEFLY IN COMBINATION WITH OXYGEN IN WATER, BUT IT IS ALSO PRESENT IN ORG MATTER SUCH AS LIVING PLANTS, PETROLEUM, COAL ETC. IT IS PRESENT AS FREE ELEMENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE, BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT OF LESS THAN 1 PPM, BY VOLUME.
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-20]**PEER REVIEWED**

HYDROGEN FROM NATURAL SOURCES CONSISTS OF MORE THAN 99.8% PROTIUM. ...
[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 346]**PEER REVIEWED**

Occurrence in earth's atmosphere 0.00005% H2.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Standards & Regulations:

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

H2
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 616]**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight:

2.02
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 1549]**PEER REVIEWED**

Color/Form:

Colorless gas
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999. ,p. 4-61]**PEER REVIEWED**

CUBIC SOLID
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-94]**PEER REVIEWED**

Odor:

Odorless
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

Taste:

Tasteless
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

Boiling Point:

-252.77 deg C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

Melting Point:

-259.2 deg C @ 54 mm Hg
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

Corrosivity:

Noncorrosive
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 589]**PEER REVIEWED**

Critical Temperature & Pressure:

Critical temperature: -239.9 deg C; Critical pressure: 12.8 atm
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity:

0.069 (gas) (Air= 1); 0.0700 @ BP (liq); 0.0763 @ 13 K (solid)
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of Vaporization:

0.90 kJ/mol at -252.87 deg C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999. ,p. 6-103]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solubilities:

1.62 mg/L at 21 deg C
[Venable CS, Fuwa T; Ind Eng Chem 14: 139-42 (1922)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Pressure:

1.24X10+6 mm Hg at 25 deg C
[Ohe S; Computer Aided Data Book of Vapor Pressure. Data Book Publ. Co, Tokyo, Japan (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

Atomic number 1; valence 1; elemental state: H2; isotopes: (1)H (protium 99.9844%), (2)H (deuterium 0.0156%), (3)H (tritium, traces only); ionization potential of H atom is 13.59 electron volts; accelerated protons bring about extremely varied nuclear reactions; 1 l of gas @ 0 deg C weighs 0.08987 g
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

... ionizes to form protons, deuterons (D) or tritons (T)
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lightest of all gases; lifting power of 1 cu ft hydrogen gas is about 0.076 lb @ 0 deg C, 760 mm Hg
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999. ,p. 4-14]**PEER REVIEWED**

MP and BP of para-hydrogen are about 0.1 deg C lower than those of normal hydrogen
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999. ,p. 4-14]**PEER REVIEWED**

ortho-Hydrogen molecules have a parallel spin; para, an antiparallel spin /para-Hydrogen/
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 590]**PEER REVIEWED**

BURNS WITH PALE BLUE FLAME IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1087]**PEER REVIEWED**

TRIPLE POINT TEMP: 13.8 DEG K; TRIPLE POINT PRESSURE: 0.069 ATM; HEAT OF FUSION: 13.9 CAL/G; CRITICAL TEMP: 33 K; CRITICAL PRESSURE: 12.4 ATM; HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: 106.5 CAL/G /P-HYDROGEN/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Volumes I and II. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

TRIPLE POINT TEMP: 13.9 K; TRIPLE POINT PRESSURE: 0.071 ATM /N-HYDROGEN/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Volumes I and II. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971. 349]**PEER REVIEWED**

Specific volume: 193 cu ft/lb @ 21.1 deg C; diatomic gas
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 589]**PEER REVIEWED**

Forms cmpd with almost every other element
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V13 838]**PEER REVIEWED**

Compressibility factor @ 0 deg C: 1.00042; adiabatic compressibility @ 300 K: 7.03 MPa; coefficient of volume expansion @ 300 K: 0.00333/K; critical volume @ 0 deg C: 20.30 J/mol.K; enthalpy @ 0 deg C: 7749.2 J/mol; internal energy @ 0 deg C: 5477.1 J/mol; entropy @ 0 deg C: 139.59 J/mol.K; velocity of sound @ 0 deg C: 1246 m/sec; thermal conductivity @ 0 deg C: 1.739 mW/cm.K; dielectric constant @ 0 deg C: 1.000271; isothermal compressibility @ 300 K: -9.86 MPa; self diffusion coefficient @ 0 deg C: 1.285 sq cm/sec; gas diffusivity in water @ 25 deg C: 4.8X10-5 sq cm/sec; Lennard-Jones parameters: collision diameter, 2.928X10+10 m, interaction parameter, 37.00 K; heat of dissociation @ 298.16 K: 435.881 kJ/mol /Gaseous normal hydrogen/
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V13 843]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mp: 13.947 K; bp: 20.380 K; critical temp: 33.18 K; critical pressure: 1315 kPa; Critical volume: 66.949 cu cm/mol; density @ bp: 0.03520 mol/cu cm; density @ mp: 0.03830 mol/cu cm; compressibility factor @ mp: 0.0011621, @ bp: 0.01698; @ critical point: 0.3191; adiabatic compressibility @ triple point: 0.00813 MPa, @ bp: 0.0119 MPa; coefficient of volume expansion @ triple point: 0.0102 K, @ bp: 0.0164 K; heat of vaporization @ triple point: 911.3 J/mol, @ bp: 899.1 J/mol; critical pressure @ triple point: 13.23 J/mol.K, @ bp: 19.70 J/mol.K; critical volume @ triple point: 9.53 J/mol.K, @ bp: 11.60 J/mol.K; enthalpy @ triple point: 438.7 J/mol, @ bp: 548.3 J/mol; internal energy @ triple point: 435.0 J/mol, @ bp: 545.7 J/mol; entropy @ triple point: 28.7 J/mol.K, @ bp: 34.92 J/mol.K; velocity of sound @ triple point: 1282 m/sec, @ bp: 1101 m/sec; viscosity @ triple point: 0.0256 cP, @ bp: 0.0133 cP; thermal conductivity @ triple point: 0.74 mW/cm.K, @ bp: 1.00 mW/cm.K; dielectric constant @ triple point: 1.253, @ bp: 1.231; surface tension @ triple point: 3.00 mN/m, @ bp: 1.94 mN/m; isothermal compressibility @ triple point: -0.0110 MPa, @ bp: -0.0199 MPa /Liquid normal hydrogen/
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V13 841]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mp: 13.947 K; vapor pressure @ mp: 7.20 kPa; vapor pressure @ 10 K: 0.231 kPa; density @ mp: 43.01X10+3 mol/cu cm; heat of fusion @ mp: 117.2 J/mol; heat of sublimation @ mp: 1028.4 J/mol; critical pressure @ 10 K: 20.79 J/mol.K; enthalpy @ mp: 321.6 J/mol; internal energy @ mp: 317.9 J/mol; entropy @ mp: 20.3 J/mol.K; thermal conductivity @ mp: 9.0 mW/cm.K; dielectric constant @ mp: 1.287; heat of dissociation @ 0 K: 430.889 kJ/mol /Solid normal hydrogen/
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V13 840]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dipole moment: 0
[Dean, J.A. Handbook of Organic Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1987.,p. 4-81]**PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of fusion: 0.12 kJ/mol @ -259.3 deg C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999. ,p. 6-117]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Safety & Handling:

DOT Emergency Guidelines:

Fire or explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-115]**QC REVIEWED**

Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-115]**QC REVIEWED**

Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 50 to 100 meters (160 to 330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-115]**QC REVIEWED**

Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-115]**QC REVIEWED**

Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for l600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-115]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire: DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. Small fires: Dry chemical or CO2. Large fires: Water spray or fog. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving Tanks: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-115]**QC REVIEWED**

Spill or leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-115]**QC REVIEWED**

First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-115]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire Potential:

HIGHLY DANGEROUS WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT, FLAME ...
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1840]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Sudden release of hydrogen into the atmosphere from storage above 79 bars may cause spontaneous ignition. ...
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1186]**PEER REVIEWED**

NFPA Hazard Classification:

Health: 0. 0= Materials that, on exposure under fire conditions, offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 325-59]**PEER REVIEWED**

Flammability: 4. 4= This degree includes flammable gases, pyrophoric liquids, and Class IA flammable liquids. The preferred method of fire attack is to stop the flow of material or to protect exposures while allowing the fire to burn itself out.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 325-59]**PEER REVIEWED**

Reactivity: 0. 0= This degree includes materials that are normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 325-59]**PEER REVIEWED**

Flammable Limits:

LOWER: 4.0%; UPPER: 75% (% BY VOL)
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 325-59]**PEER REVIEWED**

Autoignition Temperature:

932 DEG F (500 DEG C)
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 325-59]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Fighting Procedures:

Approach fire with caution as high-temperature flame is practically invisible. Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use flooding quantities of water as fog or spray.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-76]**PEER REVIEWED**

Explosive Limits & Potential:

Lower: 4.1%; upper: 74.2%
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1840]**PEER REVIEWED**

Severe, when exposed to heat or flame.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1840]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:

Release of hydrogen @ 47.5 bar into a vented 17.5-l chromium-plated sphere caused explosive ignition. /Hydrogen/
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990,p. 1186-7]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hydrogen ignites in bromine fluoride at ambient temp.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 90]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mixtures of iodine heptafluoride with hydrogen explode on heating or sparking.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1127]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Calcium, barium, and strontium react readily, sometimes igniting, in hydrogen above 300 deg C. ...
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1189]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ignition of fluorine perchlorate occurs in excess hydrogen gas.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 941]**PEER REVIEWED**

Near-stoichiometric mixtures of chlorine dioxide and hydrogen detonate on sparking or on contact with platinum sponge.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 994]**PEER REVIEWED**

Reduction of heated copper (II) oxide in a combustion tube by passage of hydrogen caused a violent explosion (the hydrogen may have been contaminated with air).
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1087]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hydrogen explodes in nitryl fluoride @ 200-300 deg C.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1094]**PEER REVIEWED**

Explosive interaction of difluorodiazene and hydrogen occurs above 90 deg C.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1107]**PEER REVIEWED**

The interaction of xenon hexafluoride and hydrogen is violent.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1126]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pre-addition of nitrogen oxide (or nitrosyl chloride as its precursor) to stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixtures @ 240 mbar/360 deg C will cause immediate ignition under a variety of circumstances.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1342]**PEER REVIEWED**

The ignition temp of mixtures of hydrogen and dinitrogen oxide is lower than that of hydrogen admixed with air or oxygen. The oxide also sensitizes mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen, so that addition of oxygen to a hydrogen-dinitrogen oxide mixture will cause instantaneous ignition or explosion.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1350]**PEER REVIEWED**

The presence of small amt of dinitrogen tetraoxide in nonexplosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen renders them explosive.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1353]**PEER REVIEWED**

Palladium oxide glows in contact with hydrogen @ ambient temp.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1393]**PEER REVIEWED**

Contact with hydrogen causes unheated palladium trifluoride to be reduced incandescently.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1116]**PEER REVIEWED**

Above 400 deg C in hydrogen, deflagration and flaming of poly(carbon monofluoride) occurs.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 124]**PEER REVIEWED**

Liquid hydrogen and solid ozone form very powerfully exposive mixtures. /Hydrogen, liquid/
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1421]**PEER REVIEWED**

/Incompatible with/ lead trifluoride, 3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1-ol
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1840]**PEER REVIEWED**

Semi-chemical /wood/ pulp contaminated with microorganisms and incubated @ 60 deg C produces a hydrogen containing gas. A gas phase explosion in a pulp storage tower was attributed to static ignition of this gas mixed with air.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworths, 1985. 1708]**PEER REVIEWED**

Many hydrogenation catalysts are sufficiently active to effect rapid interaction of hydrogen and/or solvent vapor with air, causing ignition or explosion. This is particularly so where hydrogen is adsorbed on the catalyst. ... For noble metal and nickel catalysts, low boiling solvents should be avoided. ... Risks are highest with carbon-supported catalysts. ... The need for dilute soln of nitro- and polynitro aromatics or oximes, and for relatively low concn of catalysts to minimize the relatively large exotherms is stressed. /Hydrogen/
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworths, 1985. 1544]**PEER REVIEWED**

Protective Equipment & Clothing:

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-76]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipment Methods and Regulations:

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
[49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/99)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
[IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.2148 (1998)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 40th Ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Regulations, 1999. ,p. 163-4]**PEER REVIEWED**

Storage Conditions:

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Isolate from oxygen, halogens, other oxidizing materials.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-76]**PEER REVIEWED**

STEEL CYLINDERS; PIPELINE
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977. 451]**PEER REVIEWED**

EMPTY PORTIONS OF VESSELS SHOULD BE FILLED WITH AN INERT GAS BEFORE HYDROGEN IS INTRODUCED, SINCE ANY REMAINING OXYGEN OR AIR MAY CAUSE AN EXPLOSION. HYDROGEN CYLINDERS SHOULD NEVER BE STORED TOGETHER WITH FLAMMABLE MATERIALS. LARGE HYDROGEN TANKS MUST BE SEPARATED BY A SAFE DISTANCE FROM EACH OTHER ...
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1087]**PEER REVIEWED**

Cleanup Methods:

Eliminate all ignition sources. Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to disperse vapors and protect personnel.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-76]**PEER REVIEWED**

Disposal Methods:

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Occupational Exposure Standards:

Threshold Limit Values:

Simple asphyxiant-inert gas or vapor. A TLV may not be recommended for each simple asphyxiant because the limiting factor is the available oxygen.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1999. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1999. 42]**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

OXYHYDROGEN FLAME IS USED IN PROCESSING OF QUARTZ; IN PRODN OF SEVERAL METALS WHICH RESIST FUSION, SUCH AS MOLYBDENUM, BISMUTH
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1087]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHEM INT FOR AMMONIA & OTHER CHEMS (EG, METHANOL, CYCLOHEXANE); CHEM INT & REDUCING AGENT IN METAL PROCESSING; FEEDSTOCK PURIFICATION IN PETROLEUM REFINING; PRODUCTION OF LUBRICATING OILS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

In oxy-hydrogen blowpipe (welding) and limelight; autogenous welding of steel and other metals; mfr synthetic methanol, hydrogen chloride; hydrogenation of oils, fats, naphthalene, phenol, tungsten; in balloons and airships. In thermonuclear reactions: ...
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

In bubble chambers to study subatomic particles; as a coolant /Liquid hydrogen/
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

In cryogenics; in study of superconductivity /Liquid hydrogen/
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999. ,p. 4-15]**PEER REVIEWED**

Production of ammonia, ethanol, and aniline; hydrocracking, hydroforming, and hydrofining of petroleum; hydrogenation of vegetable oils; hydrogenolysis of coal; reducing agent for organic synthesis and metallic ores; reducing atmosphere to prevent oxidation; as oxyhdrogen flame for high temperatures; atomic-hydrogen welding; instrument-carrying balloons; making hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide; production of high-purity metals; fuel for nuclear rocket engines for hypersonic transport; missile fuel; cryogenic research.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 590]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rocket fuel /para-Hydrogen/
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 590]**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturers:

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 7201 Hamilton Blvd., Allentown, PA 18195-1501, (610)481-4911; Industrial Gases Division; Production sites: Delaware City, DE 19706; New Orleans, LA 70129; Pace, FL 32571; Pasadena, TX 77501; Sacramento, CA 95800; Wilmington, CA 90744-4061; Process Systems Group; Production sites: Baytown, TX 77520; Butler, PA 16001; Cincinnati, OH 45202; Clear Lake, TX 77058; Convent, LA 70700; Geismar, LA 70700; Hannibal, MO 63400; La Porte, TX 77571; Martinez, CA 94553; Mont Belvieu, TX 77580; New Orleans, LA 70129; Plaquemine, LA 70764; Salisbury, MD 21801; South Charleston, WV 25300; Taft, LA 70057
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

Archer Daniels Midland Co., Hq, PO Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525, (217)424-5200; ADM Refined Oil Division; Production sites: Chattanooga, TN 37400; Decatur, IL 62525; Des Moines, IA 50306; Lincoln, NE 68500; Mankato, MN 56001
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

ARCO Products Co., 1055 West Seventh St., Los Angeles, CA 90017, (213)486-3511; Production sites: Blaine, WA 98231; Carson, CA 90749
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

BASF Corporation, Hq, 3000 Continental Drive - North, Mount Olive, NJ 07828-1234, (973)426-2600; Chemicals Division; Industrial Organics; Production site: Freeport, TX 77541
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

Bayer Corp., 100 Bayer Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15205, (412)777-2000; Polyurethane Division; Production sites: Baytown, TX 77521; New Martinsville, WV 26155
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

Bestfoods, 700 Sylvan Ave., Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632-9976, (201)894-4000; Production site: Chicago, IL 60623
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

The BOC Group, Inc., Hq, 575 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, (908)464-8100; BOC Gases Division; Production sites: Crawfordsville, IN 47933; Weirton, WV 26062; Gaspro Airco, 2305 Kamehameha Highway, Honolulu, HI 96820, (808)842-2111; Production site: Honolulu, HI 96819
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

BP Amico, Corp., Hq, 200 East Randolph Dr., Chicago, IL 60601, (312)856-6111; Production sites: Decatur, AL 35609-2215; Texas City, TX 77592-0568 (Texas City Chemical Plant); Toledo, OH 43607; Whiting, IN 46934-2191
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

Brown Industries, Inc., Hq, 253 North Santa Fe, Salina, KS 67401, (785)827-9646; Production site: Bradley, IL 60915; Conway, KS 67460; Salina, KS 67401
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**

Bunge Foods Group, 885 N. Kinzie Ave., Bradley, IL 60915, (815)939-3631; Production sites: Bradley, IL 60901; Chattanooga, TN 37409; Council Bluffs, IA 51503; Fort Worth, TX 76101
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Calumet Lubricants Co., 2780 Waterfront Pkwy. East Drive, Suite 200, Indianapolis, IN 46214, (317)328-5660; Production sites: Cotton Valley, LA 71018; Princeton, LA 71067
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Cargill, Inc., Hq, PO Box 9300, Minneapolis, MN 55440, (612)475-7575; Domestic Soybean Crushing Division; Production sites: Gainesville, GA 30501; Sidney, OH 45365; Sioux City, IA 51100; Wichita, KS 67200
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Caribbean Petroleum Corp., P.O. Box 361988, San Juan, PR 00936, (787)785-0525; Production site: Bayamon, Puerto Rico 00958
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Celanese Corp., 86 Morris Ave., Summit, NJ 07901, (972)443-4000; Chemicals Division; Production sites: Bay City, TX 77414; Bishop, TX 78343; Clear Lake, TX 77507-1498
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

CENCO Refining Co., 12345 Lakeland Rd., Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670, (562)944-6111; Production site: Sante Fe Springs, CA 90670
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Cenex Harvest States Corp., P.O. Box 64089, St. Paul, MN 55164- 0089, (651)451-5151; Production sites: Laurel, MO 59044; Mankato, MN 56002-3247
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Central Soya Co., Inc., P.O. Box 1400, 1946 West Cook Rd., Fort Wayne, IN 46801-2507, (219)425-5100; Chemurgy Division; Production site: Decatur, IN 46733
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chevron Products Co., 575 Market St., San Francisco, CA 94105, (415)894-3232; Production sites: Barber's Point, HI 96862; El Segundo, CA 90245; Pascagoula, MS 39567; Richmond, CA 94802
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

CITGO Petroleum Corp., 6130 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, (918)495-4000; Production sites: Lake Charles, LA 70601; Lemont, IL 60439-3659
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Citizens Utilities Co., High Ridge Park, Stamford, CT 06905-1390, (203)329-8800; Production site: Kapolei, HI 96707
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Clark Refining and Marketing, Inc., 8182 Maryland Ave., St. Louis, MO 63105-3721, (314)854-9696; Production site: Hartford, IL 62048
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Coastal Refining and Marketing, Inc., 9 Greenway Plaza, Houston, TX 77046, (713)877-6559; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78403
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

CONDEA Vista Co., 900 Threadneedle, Houston, TX 77079-2990, (281)588-3000; Surfactants and Specialties Division; Production site: Lake Charles, LA 70669
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Conoco Inc., 600 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77090, (281)293-1000; Production site: Billings, MT 59101
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Cross Oil and Refining Co., Inc., P.O. Box 105, Smackover, AR 71762, (870)725-3611; Production site: Smackover, AR 71762
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

C. & T. Refinery, Inc., P.O. Box 240457, Charlotte, NC 28224, (704)523-0414; Production site: Charlotte, NC 28217
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

DeGussa-Huls Corp., Hq, 65 Challenger Rd., Ridgefield Park, NJ 07660, (201)641-6100; Chemical Group; Production site: Theodore, AL 36590
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

DSM Chemicals North America, Inc., Hq, 1 Columbia Nitrogen Road, Augusta GA 30903, (706)849-6600; Production site: Augusta, GA 30903
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

DuPont, Inc, Hq, 1007 Market Street, Wilmington, DE 19898, (302)774-1000; DuPont Specialty Chemicals; DuPont Performance, Specialty, and Fine Chemicals; Production site: Beaumont, TX 77704
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Eastman Chemical Company, Hq, P.O. Box 511, Kingsport, TN 37662, (423)229-2196; Tennessee Eastman Division; Production site: Kingsport, TN 37662
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 670]**PEER REVIEWED**

Elf Atochem North America, Inc., 2000 Market St., 21st Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19103-3222, (215)419-7000; Basic Chemicals Division; Production site: Memphis, TN 38127
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Equilon Enterprises LLC, 1100 Louisiana St., Houston, TX 77002, (713)277-7000; Production sites: Bakersfield, CA 93302; Wilmington, CA 90744. El Dorado Refining Co., El Dorado, KS 67042; Production site: El Dorado, KS 67042
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Equistar Chemicals, LP, One Houston Center, 1221 McKinney St., Suite 700, Houston, TX 77010, (713)652-7300; Production sites: Channelview, TX 77530; Clinton, IA 52732; Corpus Christi, TX 78460; Lake Charles, LA 70602; Morris, IL 60450
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ergon Refining, Inc., P.O. Box 309, Vicksburg, MS 39181, (601)638-4960; Production site: Vicksburg, MS 39181
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ergon West Virginia, Inc., P.O. Box 356, Newell, WV 26050, (304)387-4343; Production site: Newell, WV 26050
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Exxon Chemical Co., 13501 Katy Freeway, Houston, TX 77079, (281)870-6000; Exxon Chemical Americas; Production site: Baytown, TX 77520
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Exxon Co. USA., P.O. Box 2180, Houston, TX 77252, (713)656-3636; Production sites: Benicia, CA 94510; Billings, MT 59101
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

First Chemical Corp., 1001 Industrial Rd., Pascagoula, MS 39581- 3237, (228)762-08070; Production site: Pascagoula, MI 39568
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Frontier Refining, Inc., 2700 East 5th St., Cheyenne, WY 82007, (307)634-3551; Production site: Cheyenne, WY 82003
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Electric Co., 3135 Easton Turnpike, Fairfield, CT 06431, (203)373-2211; GE Lighting Components; Production site: Euclid, OH 44117
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Hydrogen, 1215 Henderson Ave., P.O. Box 509, Washington, PA 15301, (724)225-8700; Production site: Proctor, WV 26055
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Golden Foods - Golden Brands, Inc., 2520 Seventh St., P.O. Box 398, Louisville, KY 40201, (502)636-3712; Production site: Louisville, KY 40208
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, One Great Lakes Boulevard, P.O. Box 2200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, (765)497-6100; Production sites: Memphis, TN 38108; Omaha, NE 68108
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hercules, Inc., Hercules Plaza, 1313 North Market St., Wilmington, DE 19894-0001, (302)594-5000; Resins Division; Production site: Hattiesburg, MS 39401
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Holox Inc., 1500 Indian Trail Rd., Norcross, GA 30093, (770)925- 4640; Production site: Augusta, GA 30916
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hunt Refining Co., 100 Towncenter Blvd., Tuscaloosa, AL 35406, (205)391-3300; Production site: Tuscaloosa, AL 35401
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hunt-Wesson Inc., 1645 West Valencia Dr., Fullerton, CA 92633, (714)680-1000; Refinery Division; Production site: Memphis, TN 38101
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Industrial Gas Products, Inc., 2350 Falling Springs Rd., Sauget, IL 62206, (618)337-1193; Production site: Sauget, IL 62206
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Javelina Co., 5438 Union St., Corpus Christi, TX 78407, (512)289- 4900; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78407
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Koch Industries, Inc., 4111 East 37th St. North, Wichita, KS 67220, (316)828-5500; Production site: Conway, KS 67460
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Koch Petroleum Group, L.P., 4111 East 37th St. North, Wichita, KS 67220, (316)828-4926; Production site: St. Paul, MN 55165
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Linde Gas Inc., 11603 Strang Rd., La Porte, TX 77571, (713)767- 4185; Production sites: Decatur, AL 35601; La Porte, TX 77571
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lone Star Gas Processing, 19430 Beech St., Shafter, CA 93263, (661)589-5377; Production site: Bakersfield, CA 93389
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lyondell Chemical Co., 1221 McKinney St., Suite 700, Houston, TX 77010, (713)652-7200; Production site: Lake Charles, LA 70602
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, 539 South Main St., Findlay, OH 45840-3295, (419)422-2121; Production site: Robinson, IL 62454
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

MG Industries, 3 Great Valley Pkwy., Malvern, PA 19355-1424, (610)695-7400; Merchant Products Group; Production sites: Kalama, WA 98625; Rockport, IN 47635; St. Marys, PA 15857
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Millennium Specialty Chemicals Inc., P.O. Box 389, Jacksonville, FL 32201-0389, (904)768-5800; Production site: Brunswick, GA 31525
[SRI. 1997 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 1997.. 671]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mobil Oil Corp., 3225 Gallows Rd., Fairfax, VA 22037-0001, (703)846-3000; US Marketing and Refining Division; Production sites: Beaumont, TX 77704; Torrance, CA 90500
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Monsanto Company, Hq, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, (314)694-1000; Production site: Luling, LA 70070
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Morton International, Inc., 100 North Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606-1596, (312)807-2000; Performance Chemicals; Production site: Elma, WA 98541
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Motiva Enterprises LLC, 12700 Northborough Dr., Houston, TX 77067, (281)874-7000; Production sites: Convent, LA 70723; Delaware City, DE 19706
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pennzoil-Quaker State Co., Pennzoil Place, 700 Milam St., P.O. Box 2967, Houston, TX 77252-2967, (713)546-4000; Base Oil & Specialty Products Division; Production sites: Rouseville, PA 16344; Shreveport, LA 71144-3099
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Penreco, 910 Louisiana St., Suite 400, P.O. Box 4274, Houston, TX 77210, (713)236-6950; Production site: Karns City, PA 16041-9799
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Phillips Petroleum Co., Phillips Building, Bartlesville, OK 74007, (918)661-6600; Chemicals Division; Specialty Chemicals Branch; Production sites: Borger, TX 79007; Sweeny, TX 77480
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Praxair, Inc., 39 Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, CT 06810-5113, (203)837-23000; Production sites: Barberton, OH 44203; Belle, WV 25015; Belvidere, NJ 07823; Butte, MT 59701; Carney's Point, NJ 08069; Channelview, TX 77530; Deer Park, TX 77536; East Chicago, IN 46312; Ecorse, MI 48229; Lake Charles, LA 70601; La Porte, TX 77500; Leechburg, PA 15656; McIntosh, AL 36553; Mount Belvieu, TX 77580; Niagara Falls, NY 14300; Norcross, GA 30000; Ontario, CA 91764; Seymour, IN 47274; Texas City, TX 77591; Westlake, LA 70669; Whiting, IN 46394
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Prime Gas Co., 723 Chestnut St., Emmaus, PA 18049, (610)965-5130; Production site: Delaware City, DE 19706
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rhone-Poulenc Ag Co., 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12014, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, (919)549-2000; Production site: Institute, WV 25112
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Riceland Foods, Inc., 2120 Park Avenue, P.O. Box 927, Stuttgart, AR 72160, (870)673-5500; Soybean Division; Production site: Stuttgart, AR 72160
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rohm and Haas Texas Inc., 6600 La Porte Rd., Highway 225, P.O. Box 672, Deer Park, TX 77536, (281)228-8100; Production site: Deer Park, TX 77536
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

San Joaquin Refining Co., Inc., P.O. Box 5576, Bakersfield, CA 93388, (661)327-4257; Production site: Bakersfield, CA 93388
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shell Chemical Co., One Shell Plaza, P.O. Box 2463, Houston, TX 77252-2463, (713)241-6161 Production sites: Deer Park, TX 77536 (Houston Plant); Geismar, LA 70734; Martinez, CA 94554; Norco, LA 70079; Wilmington, CA 90700
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 672]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solutia, Inc., 10300 Olive Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63141-7893, (314)674-1000; Production sites: Anniston, AL 36201; Decatur, AL 35601; Pensacola, FL 32575
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solvay Interox, Inc., 3333 Richmond Ave., Houston, TX 77098-3099, (713)525-6500; Production site: Longview, WA 98632
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

South Hampton Refining Co., P.O. Box 1636, Silsbee, TX 77656, (409)385-1400; Production site: Silsbee, TX 77656
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

SPI Polyols, Inc., 321 Cherry Lave, New Castle, DE 19720-2780, (800)789-9755; Production site: New Castle, DE 19720-2780
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sunoco, Inc., Ten Penn Center, 1801 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103-1699, (215)246-8920; Production site: Toledo, OH 43693
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Tesoro Alaska Co., 3230 C St., Anchorage, AK 99519-6272; Production site: Kenai, AK 99611-3369
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Tesoro Hawaii Refinery, 91-325 Komohana, Kapolei, HI 96707, (808)547-3900; Production site: Kapolei, HI 96707
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Witco Corp., One American Lane, Greenwich, CT 06831-2559, (203)552-2000; Oleochemicals & Derivatives Group; Performance Chemicals Group; Production sites: Mapleton, IL 61547; Memphis, TN 38108; Petrolia, PA 16050-0336
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Western Gas Resources Inc., 12200 North Pecos St., Denver, CO 80234, (303)452-5603; Production site: Wright, WY 82732
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Valero Energy Corp., 41 Valero Plaza, San Antonio, TX 78212, (210)370-2000; Production sites: Corpus Christi, TX 78407-1001; Paulsboro, NJ 08066
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ultramar Diamond Shamrock Corp., 6000 North Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, TX 78249-1112, (210)592-2000; Production sites: Ardmore, OK 74301; Three Rivers, TX 78071
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Tosco Corp., 72 Cummings Point Rd., Stamford, CT 06902, (203)977- 1000; Tosco Refining and Marketing Co., division; Production sites: Carson, CA 90744; Martinez, CA 94553; Rodeo, CA 94572; Wilmington, CA 90744
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 673]**PEER REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing:

Obtained by passing water vapors over heated iron; by electrolysis of water or by action of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid on iron or zinc; by hydrolysis of metal hydrides; from methane or coke and steam.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 821]**PEER REVIEWED**

IT IS PREPD BY ACTION OF STEAM ON HEATED CARBON, BY DECOMPOSITION OF CERTAIN HYDROCARBONS WITH HEAT ... ALSO PRODUCED BY ACTION OF SODIUM OR POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE ON ALUMINUM.
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-20]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1) Reaction of steam with natural gas (steam reforming) and susequent purification; (2) partial oxidation of hydrocarbons to carbon monoxide and interaction of carbon monoxide and steam; (3) gasification of coal ...; (4) dissociation of ammonia; (5) thermal or catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons gases; (6) catalytic reforming of naphtha; (7) reaction of iron and steam; (8) catalytic reaction of methanol and steam; (9) electrolysis of water ... . In view of the importance of hydrogen as a major energy source of the future, development of the most promising of these methods may be expected.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 589]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information:

... HYDROGEN GAS UNDER ORDINARY CONDITIONS IS A MIX OF 2 KINDS OF MOLECULES, KNOWN AS ORTHO- & PARA-HYDROGEN, WHICH DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER BY THE SPINS OF THEIR ELECTRONS & NUCLEI. NORMAL HYDROGEN @ ROOM TEMP CONTAINS 25% OF PARA FORM & 75% ORTHO FORM. THE ORTHO FORM CANNOT BE PREPD IN THE PURE STATE.
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-20]**PEER REVIEWED**

PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN IN USA ALONE NOW AMT TO ABOUT 3 BILLION CU FT/YR.
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-20]**PEER REVIEWED**

Method of purification: by scrubbing with various soln ... especially the Girbitol absorption process. For very pure hydrogen, by diffusion through palladium.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 589]**PEER REVIEWED**

... HYDROGEN IS REGARDED BY SOME AUTHORITIES AS THE ULTIMATE ENERGY SOURCE. SPLITTING OF WATER MOLECULE BY THERMOCHEMICAL OR NUCLEAR REACTOR TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN ACTIVE FUTURE POSSIBILITY FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN IN HIGH VOLUME FOR USE AS AN ENERGY SOURCE.
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977. 451]**PEER REVIEWED**

More efficient methods than electrolysis for obtaining hydrogen from water are under investigation. One of these is thermochemical decomposition. Another is photochemical decomposition by solar radiation, either directly or via a solar power generator. Photolytic decomposition of water with platinum catalyst has been achieved. Hydrogen can also be obtained by photolytic decomposition of hydrogen sulfide with cadmium sulfide catalyst.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 589]**PEER REVIEWED**

Worldwide, hydrogen as a raw material for the chemical industry is derived as follows: 77% from natural gas/petroleum, 18% from coal, 4% by water electrolysis, and 1% by other means. Significant quantities of hydrogen, especially to satisfy refinery hydrogen demand, are produced as by-product -H2.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V8 852]**PEER REVIEWED**

The U.S. consumes about 1.2 EJ (1.1X10+15 Btu (1.1 quad)) of hydrogen annually. Most U.S. hydrogen production, estimated at over 6.5X10+10 cu m/yr (2.3X10+12 cu ft/yr) is used captively...Sales or merchant use may total about 2.0X10+9 cu m, ca 3%, of production.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V13 (95) 878]**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

Grades: technical; pure, from an electrolytic grade of 99.8% to ultra-pure, with less than 10 ppm impurities.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 690]**PEER REVIEWED**

Consumption Patterns:

CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE FOR AMMONIA, 56%; PETROLEUM REFINING, 25%; CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE FOR METHANOL, 7%; OTHER, 12% (1980)
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

U.S. consumption of hydrogen in 1988: 49% as chemical intermediate for ammonia; 37% in petroleum refining; 8% as chemical intermediate for methanol; 6% as other uses
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V13 (95) 884]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Production:

(1977) 8.48X10+10 CU FT
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1979) 9.93X10+10 CU FT
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

Daily Capacity: 4,197,260 thousands of cu ft
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999.. 473]**PEER REVIEWED**

U.S. ... about 3 billion cu ft/yr
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999. ,p. 4-14]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Exports:

(1977) 5.91X10+8 CU FT
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1979) 1.27X10+8 CU FT
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

Laboratory Methods:

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

The determination of hydrogen content of an organic cmpd consists of complete combustion of the material to produce water and carbon dioxide, and determination of the water. Depending on the sample sizes involved, the technique can be macro (0.1-0.2 g), micro (2-10 mg), submicro (0.02-0.2 mg), or somewhere in between. ... The ... most reliable technique for water determination is gravimetric with the water absorbed and weighed on a dessicant, such as magnesium perchlorate. ... Instrumental methods, such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, can also be used to determine the water of combustion.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V13 881]**PEER REVIEWED**

Special References:

Special Reports:

Harper SR, Pohland FG; Recent developments in hydrogen management during anaerobic biological wastewater treatment; Biotechnol Bioeng 28 (4): 585-602 (1986).

Synonyms and Identifiers:

Related HSDB Records:

294 [DEUTERIUM]

6467 [TRITIUM]

Synonyms:

H
**PEER REVIEWED**

MOLECULAR HYDROGEN
**PEER REVIEWED**

PROTIUM
**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

Grades: technical; pure, from an electrolytic grade of 99.8% to ultra-pure, with less than 10 ppm impurities.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 690]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

UN 1049; Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed

IMO 2.1; Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid

UN 1966; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid

Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number:5026